Class Proxy
- All Implemented Interfaces:
Serializable
Proxy
provides static methods for creating objects that act like instances
of interfaces but allow for customized method invocation.
To create a proxy instance for some interface Foo
:
InvocationHandler handler = new MyInvocationHandler(...);
Foo f = (Foo) Proxy.newProxyInstance(Foo.class.getClassLoader(),
new Class<?>[] { Foo.class },
handler);
A proxy class is a class created at runtime that implements a specified
list of interfaces, known as proxy interfaces. A proxy instance
is an instance of a proxy class.
Each proxy instance has an associated invocation handler
object, which implements the interface InvocationHandler
.
A method invocation on a proxy instance through one of its proxy
interfaces will be dispatched to the invoke
method of the instance's invocation handler, passing the proxy
instance, a java.lang.reflect.Method
object identifying
the method that was invoked, and an array of type Object
containing the arguments. The invocation handler processes the
encoded method invocation as appropriate and the result that it
returns will be returned as the result of the method invocation on
the proxy instance.
A proxy class has the following properties:
- The unqualified name of a proxy class is unspecified. The space
of class names that begin with the string
"$Proxy"
should be, however, reserved for proxy classes. - The package and module in which a proxy class is defined is specified below.
- A proxy class is final and non-abstract.
- A proxy class extends
java.lang.reflect.Proxy
. - A proxy class implements exactly the interfaces specified at its
creation, in the same order. Invoking
getInterfaces
on itsClass
object will return an array containing the same list of interfaces (in the order specified at its creation), invokinggetMethods
on itsClass
object will return an array ofMethod
objects that include all of the methods in those interfaces, and invokinggetMethod
will find methods in the proxy interfaces as would be expected. - The
ProtectionDomain
of a proxy class is the same as that of system classes loaded by the bootstrap class loader, such asjava.lang.Object
, because the code for a proxy class is generated by trusted system code. This protection domain will typically be grantedjava.security.AllPermission
. - The
Proxy.isProxyClass
method can be used to determine if a given class is a proxy class.
A proxy instance has the following properties:
- Given a proxy instance
proxy
and one of the interfaces,Foo
, implemented by its proxy class, the following expression will return true:proxy instanceof Foo
ClassCastException
):(Foo) proxy
- Each proxy instance has an associated invocation handler, the one
that was passed to its constructor. The static
Proxy.getInvocationHandler
method will return the invocation handler associated with the proxy instance passed as its argument. - An interface method invocation on a proxy instance will be
encoded and dispatched to the invocation handler's
invoke
method as described in the documentation for that method. - A proxy interface may define a default method or inherit
a default method from its superinterface directly or indirectly.
An invocation handler can invoke a default method of a proxy interface
by calling
InvocationHandler::invokeDefault
. - An invocation of the
hashCode
,equals
, ortoString
methods declared injava.lang.Object
on a proxy instance will be encoded and dispatched to the invocation handler'sinvoke
method in the same manner as interface method invocations are encoded and dispatched, as described above. The declaring class of theMethod
object passed toinvoke
will bejava.lang.Object
. Other public methods of a proxy instance inherited fromjava.lang.Object
are not overridden by a proxy class, so invocations of those methods behave like they do for instances ofjava.lang.Object
.
Package and Module Membership of Proxy Class
The package and module to which a proxy class belongs are chosen such that the accessibility of the proxy class is in line with the accessibility of the proxy interfaces. Specifically, the package and the module membership of a proxy class defined via thegetProxyClass(ClassLoader, Class[])
or
newProxyInstance(ClassLoader, Class[], InvocationHandler)
methods is specified as follows:
- If all the proxy interfaces are in exported or open
packages:
- if all the proxy interfaces are public, then the proxy class is public in an unconditionally exported but non-open package. The name of the package and the module are unspecified.
- if at least one of all the proxy interfaces is non-public, then the proxy class is non-public in the package and module of the non-public interfaces. All the non-public interfaces must be in the same package and module; otherwise, proxying them is not possible.
- If at least one proxy interface is in a package that is
non-exported and non-open:
- if all the proxy interfaces are public, then the proxy class is public in a non-exported, non-open package of dynamic module. The names of the package and the module are unspecified.
- if at least one of all the proxy interfaces is non-public, then the proxy class is non-public in the package and module of the non-public interfaces. All the non-public interfaces must be in the same package and module; otherwise, proxying them is not possible.
Note that if proxy interfaces with a mix of accessibilities -- for example, an exported public interface and a non-exported non-public interface -- are proxied by the same instance, then the proxy class's accessibility is governed by the least accessible proxy interface.
Note that it is possible for arbitrary code to obtain access to a proxy class
in an open package with setAccessible
,
whereas a proxy class in a non-open package is never accessible to
code outside the module of the proxy class.
Throughout this specification, a "non-exported package" refers to a package that is not exported to all modules, and a "non-open package" refers to a package that is not open to all modules. Specifically, these terms refer to a package that either is not exported/open by its containing module or is exported/open in a qualified fashion by its containing module.
Dynamic Modules
A dynamic module is a named module generated at runtime. A proxy class
defined in a dynamic module is encapsulated and not accessible to any module.
Calling Constructor.newInstance(Object...)
on a proxy class in
a dynamic module will throw IllegalAccessException
;
Proxy.newProxyInstance
method should be used instead.
A dynamic module can read the modules of all of the superinterfaces of a proxy
class and the modules of the classes and interfaces referenced by
all public method signatures of a proxy class. If a superinterface or
a referenced class or interface, say T
, is in a non-exported package,
the module of T
is updated to export the
package of T
to the dynamic module.
Methods Duplicated in Multiple Proxy Interfaces
When two or more proxy interfaces contain a method with
the same name and parameter signature, the order of the proxy class's
interfaces becomes significant. When such a duplicate method
is invoked on a proxy instance, the Method
object passed
to the invocation handler will not necessarily be the one whose
declaring class is assignable from the reference type of the interface
that the proxy's method was invoked through. This limitation exists
because the corresponding method implementation in the generated proxy
class cannot determine which interface it was invoked through.
Therefore, when a duplicate method is invoked on a proxy instance,
the Method
object for the method in the foremost interface
that contains the method (either directly or inherited through a
superinterface) in the proxy class's list of interfaces is passed to
the invocation handler's invoke
method, regardless of the
reference type through which the method invocation occurred.
If a proxy interface contains a method with the same name and
parameter signature as the hashCode
, equals
,
or toString
methods of java.lang.Object
,
when such a method is invoked on a proxy instance, the
Method
object passed to the invocation handler will have
java.lang.Object
as its declaring class. In other words,
the public, non-final methods of java.lang.Object
logically precede all of the proxy interfaces for the determination of
which Method
object to pass to the invocation handler.
Note also that when a duplicate method is dispatched to an
invocation handler, the invoke
method may only throw
checked exception types that are assignable to one of the exception
types in the throws
clause of the method in all of
the proxy interfaces that it can be invoked through. If the
invoke
method throws a checked exception that is not
assignable to any of the exception types declared by the method in one
of the proxy interfaces that it can be invoked through, then an
unchecked UndeclaredThrowableException
will be thrown by
the invocation on the proxy instance. This restriction means that not
all of the exception types returned by invoking
getExceptionTypes
on the Method
object
passed to the invoke
method can necessarily be thrown
successfully by the invoke
method.
- Since:
- 1.3
- See Also:
-
Field Summary
Modifier and TypeFieldDescriptionprotected InvocationHandler
the invocation handler for this proxy instance. -
Constructor Summary
ModifierConstructorDescriptionprotected
Constructs a newProxy
instance from a subclass (typically, a dynamic proxy class) with the specified value for its invocation handler. -
Method Summary
Modifier and TypeMethodDescriptionstatic InvocationHandler
getInvocationHandler
(Object proxy) Returns the invocation handler for the specified proxy instance.static Class
<?> getProxyClass
(ClassLoader loader, Class<?>... interfaces) Deprecated.Proxy classes generated in a named module are encapsulated and not accessible to code outside its module.static boolean
isProxyClass
(Class<?> cl) Returns true if the given class is a proxy class.static Object
newProxyInstance
(ClassLoader loader, Class<?>[] interfaces, InvocationHandler h) Returns a proxy instance for the specified interfaces that dispatches method invocations to the specified invocation handler.
-
Field Details
-
h
the invocation handler for this proxy instance.
-
-
Constructor Details
-
Proxy
Constructs a newProxy
instance from a subclass (typically, a dynamic proxy class) with the specified value for its invocation handler.- Parameters:
h
- the invocation handler for this proxy instance- Throws:
NullPointerException
- if the given invocation handler,h
, isnull
.
-
-
Method Details
-
getProxyClass
@Deprecated public static Class<?> getProxyClass(ClassLoader loader, Class<?>... interfaces) throws IllegalArgumentException Deprecated.Proxy classes generated in a named module are encapsulated and not accessible to code outside its module.Constructor.newInstance
will throwIllegalAccessException
when it is called on an inaccessible proxy class. UsenewProxyInstance(ClassLoader, Class[], InvocationHandler)
to create a proxy instance instead.Returns thejava.lang.Class
object for a proxy class given a class loader and an array of interfaces. The proxy class will be defined by the specified class loader and will implement all of the supplied interfaces. If any of the given interfaces is non-public, the proxy class will be non-public. If a proxy class for the same permutation of interfaces has already been defined by the class loader, then the existing proxy class will be returned; otherwise, a proxy class for those interfaces will be generated dynamically and defined by the class loader.- Parameters:
loader
- the class loader to define the proxy classinterfaces
- the list of interfaces for the proxy class to implement- Returns:
- a proxy class that is defined in the specified class loader and that implements the specified interfaces
- Throws:
IllegalArgumentException
- if any of the restrictions on the parameters are violatedSecurityException
- if a security manager, s, is present and any of the following conditions is met:- the given
loader
isnull
and the caller's class loader is notnull
and the invocation ofs.checkPermission
withRuntimePermission("getClassLoader")
permission denies access. - for each proxy interface,
intf
, the caller's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader forintf
and invocation ofs.checkPackageAccess()
denies access tointf
.
- the given
NullPointerException
- if theinterfaces
array argument or any of its elements arenull
- See Also:
-
newProxyInstance
public static Object newProxyInstance(ClassLoader loader, Class<?>[] interfaces, InvocationHandler h) Returns a proxy instance for the specified interfaces that dispatches method invocations to the specified invocation handler.IllegalArgumentException
will be thrown if any of the following restrictions is violated:- All of
Class
objects in the giveninterfaces
array must represent non-hidden and non-sealed interfaces, not classes or primitive types. - No two elements in the
interfaces
array may refer to identicalClass
objects. - All of the interface types must be visible by name through the
specified class loader. In other words, for class loader
cl
and every interfacei
, the following expression must be true:Class.forName(i.getName(), false, cl) == i
- All of the types referenced by all public method signatures of the specified interfaces and those inherited by their superinterfaces must be visible by name through the specified class loader.
- All non-public interfaces must be in the same package and module, defined by the specified class loader and the module of the non-public interfaces can access all of the interface types; otherwise, it would not be possible for the proxy class to implement all of the interfaces, regardless of what package it is defined in.
- For any set of member methods of the specified interfaces
that have the same signature:
- If the return type of any of the methods is a primitive type or void, then all of the methods must have that same return type.
- Otherwise, one of the methods must have a return type that is assignable to all of the return types of the rest of the methods.
- The resulting proxy class must not exceed any limits imposed
on classes by the virtual machine. For example, the VM may limit
the number of interfaces that a class may implement to 65535; in
that case, the size of the
interfaces
array must not exceed 65535.
Note that the order of the specified proxy interfaces is significant: two requests for a proxy class with the same combination of interfaces but in a different order will result in two distinct proxy classes.
- Parameters:
loader
- the class loader to define the proxy classinterfaces
- the list of interfaces for the proxy class to implementh
- the invocation handler to dispatch method invocations to- Returns:
- a proxy instance with the specified invocation handler of a proxy class that is defined by the specified class loader and that implements the specified interfaces
- Throws:
IllegalArgumentException
- if any of the restrictions on the parameters are violatedSecurityException
- if a security manager, s, is present and any of the following conditions is met:- the given
loader
isnull
and the caller's class loader is notnull
and the invocation ofs.checkPermission
withRuntimePermission("getClassLoader")
permission denies access; - for each proxy interface,
intf
, the caller's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader forintf
and invocation ofs.checkPackageAccess()
denies access tointf
; - any of the given proxy interfaces is non-public and the
caller class is not in the same runtime package
as the non-public interface and the invocation of
s.checkPermission
withReflectPermission("newProxyInPackage.{package name}")
permission denies access.
- the given
NullPointerException
- if theinterfaces
array argument or any of its elements arenull
, or if the invocation handler,h
, isnull
- See Also:
- All of
-
isProxyClass
Returns true if the given class is a proxy class.- Implementation Note:
- The reliability of this method is important for the ability
to use it to make security decisions, so its implementation should
not just test if the class in question extends
Proxy
. - Parameters:
cl
- the class to test- Returns:
true
if the class is a proxy class andfalse
otherwise- Throws:
NullPointerException
- ifcl
isnull
-
getInvocationHandler
Returns the invocation handler for the specified proxy instance.- Parameters:
proxy
- the proxy instance to return the invocation handler for- Returns:
- the invocation handler for the proxy instance
- Throws:
IllegalArgumentException
- if the argument is not a proxy instanceSecurityException
- if a security manager, s, is present and the caller's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the invocation handler and invocation ofs.checkPackageAccess()
denies access to the invocation handler's class.
-