1 # 2 # DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. 3 # 4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it 5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as 6 # published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this 7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided 8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. 9 # 10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT 11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or 12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License 13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that 14 # accompanied this code). 15 # 16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version 17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. 19 # 20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA 21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any 22 # questions. 23 # 24 # tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific 25 26 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 27 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. 28 29 # This file also includes Pacific islands. 30 31 # Notes are at the end of this file 32 33 ############################################################################### 34 35 # Australia 36 37 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc. 38 39 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 40 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 D 41 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 S 42 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 D 43 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 S 44 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 D 45 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S 46 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 D 47 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which 48 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that 49 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944. 50 51 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 52 # Northern Territory 53 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 54 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 55 9:30 Aus AC%sT 56 # Western Australia 57 # 58 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 59 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 60 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 61 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 62 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 63 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D 64 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 65 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D 66 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 67 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 68 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec 69 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul 70 8:00 AW AW%sT 71 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec 72 8:45 Aus +0845/+0945 1943 Jul 73 8:45 AW +0845/+0945 74 75 # Queensland 76 # 77 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01): 78 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast 79 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after 80 # Queensland ceased to. 81 # 82 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 83 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman, 84 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped. 85 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria, 86 # so use Lindeman. 87 # 88 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20): 89 # There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday 90 # islands is a colloquial term used globally. Hayman and Lindeman are at the 91 # north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and 92 # Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone 93 # applies to all of the Whitsundays. 94 # http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands 95 # 96 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 97 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 98 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 99 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 100 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 101 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 102 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 103 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895 104 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 105 10:00 AQ AE%sT 106 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895 107 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 108 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul 109 10:00 Holiday AE%sT 110 111 # South Australia 112 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 113 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 114 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D 115 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 116 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S 117 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 118 Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 119 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S 120 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S 121 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S 122 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S 123 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 124 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S 125 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 126 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 127 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 128 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 129 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 130 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 131 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971 132 9:30 AS AC%sT 133 134 # Tasmania 135 # 136 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16): 137 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml 138 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971. 139 # 140 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 141 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 142 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 143 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 144 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S 145 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 146 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 147 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 148 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 149 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D 150 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 151 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D 152 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 153 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 154 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 155 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 156 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 157 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 158 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 159 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 160 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 161 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep 162 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 163 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb 164 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967 165 10:00 AT AE%sT 166 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep 167 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 168 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb 169 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 Jul 170 10:00 AT AE%sT 171 172 # Victoria 173 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 174 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 175 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 176 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 177 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 178 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D 179 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 180 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 181 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 182 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 183 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 184 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 185 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 186 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 187 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 188 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 189 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 190 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 191 10:00 AV AE%sT 192 193 # New South Wales 194 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 195 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 196 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S 197 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 198 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 199 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 200 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 201 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D 202 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 203 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 204 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 205 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 206 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 207 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 208 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 209 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 210 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 211 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 212 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 213 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 214 10:00 AN AE%sT 215 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb 216 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23 217 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 218 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971 219 9:30 AN AC%sT 2000 220 9:30 AS AC%sT 221 222 # Lord Howe Island 223 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 224 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 - 225 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 226 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 227 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 228 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 - 229 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 230 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 231 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 232 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 233 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 234 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 235 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 236 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 237 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 - 238 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 239 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar 240 10:30 LH +1030/+1130 1985 Jul 241 10:30 LH +1030/+11 242 243 # Australian miscellany 244 # 245 # Ashmore Is, Cartier 246 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers 247 # no times are set 248 # 249 # Coral Sea Is 250 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists 251 # no times are set 252 # 253 # Macquarie 254 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948; 255 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the 256 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island 257 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828 258 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831 259 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010. 260 # 261 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10): 262 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: 263 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not 264 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do 265 # on 4 April. 266 # 267 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23): 268 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics 269 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type; 270 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by 271 # pre-2013 versions of localtime. 272 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - -00 1899 Nov 273 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 274 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb 275 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s 276 0 - -00 1948 Mar 25 277 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967 278 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 Apr 4 3:00 279 11:00 - +11 280 281 # Christmas 282 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 283 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 284 7:00 - +07 285 286 # Cocos (Keeling) Is 287 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978. 288 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900. 289 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 290 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900 291 6:30 - +0630 292 293 294 # Fiji 295 296 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva. 297 298 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10): 299 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST 300 # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010. 301 # 302 # "Daylight savings to commence this month" 303 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719 304 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html 305 306 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10): 307 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved 308 # amendments: 309 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml 310 311 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03): 312 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on 313 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00. 314 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March 315 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?). 316 # 317 # Official source: 318 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166 319 # 320 # A bit more background info here: 321 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html 322 323 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24): 324 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3 325 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011... 326 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands, 327 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site: 328 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 329 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html 330 331 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03): 332 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date 333 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong). 334 # 335 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 336 # which says 337 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in 338 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to 339 # 2am on February 26 next year. 340 341 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24) 342 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for 343 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22. 344 # 345 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 346 # states: 347 # 348 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012 349 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012. 350 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start 351 # on the 23rd of October, 2011. 352 353 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen: 354 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate 355 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st 356 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013. 357 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155 358 359 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler: 360 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ... 361 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am 362 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx 363 364 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10): 365 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00: 366 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx 367 368 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20): 369 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year. 370 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx 371 372 # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77 373 # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28), 374 # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02): 375 # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time 376 # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at 377 # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016. 378 379 # From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04): 380 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx 381 # "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when 382 # clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will 383 # end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017." 384 385 # From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21): 386 # Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing 387 # Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27), 388 # [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate. 389 390 # From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13): 391 # http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/ 392 # ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019. 393 # 394 # From Paul Eggert (2018-07-15): 395 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to 03:00 396 # the first Sunday on or after January 13. January transitions reportedly 397 # depend on when school terms start. Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches 398 # transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future 399 # practice than guessing no DST. 400 401 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 402 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 403 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 - 404 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 - 405 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 - 406 Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 - 407 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 - 408 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 - 409 Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 - 410 Rule Fiji 2014 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 411 Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=13 3:00 0 - 412 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 413 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva 414 12:00 Fiji +12/+13 415 416 # French Polynesia 417 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 418 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea 419 -9:00 - -09 420 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct 421 -9:30 - -0930 422 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete 423 -10:00 - -10 424 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia; 425 # it is uninhabited. 426 427 # Guam 428 429 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 430 # http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf 431 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf 432 Rule Guam 1959 only - Jun 27 2:00 1:00 D 433 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf 434 Rule Guam 1961 only - Jan 29 2:00 0 S 435 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 436 Rule Guam 1967 only - Sep 1 2:00 1:00 D 437 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 438 Rule Guam 1969 only - Jan 26 0:01 0 S 439 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 440 Rule Guam 1969 only - Jun 22 2:00 1:00 D 441 Rule Guam 1969 only - Aug 31 2:00 0 S 442 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 443 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 444 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 445 Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 446 Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 0 S 447 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf 448 Rule Guam 1973 only - Dec 16 2:00 1:00 D 449 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf 450 Rule Guam 1974 only - Feb 24 2:00 0 S 451 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 452 Rule Guam 1976 only - May 26 2:00 1:00 D 453 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf 454 Rule Guam 1976 only - Aug 22 2:01 0 S 455 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 456 Rule Guam 1977 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 D 457 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf 458 Rule Guam 1977 only - Aug 28 2:00 0 S 459 460 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 461 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 462 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana 463 10:00 - GST 1941 Dec 10 # Guam 464 9:00 - +09 1944 Jul 31 465 10:00 Guam G%sT 2000 Dec 23 466 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time 467 Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is 468 469 # Kiribati 470 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 471 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki 472 12:00 - +12 473 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901 474 -12:00 - -12 1979 Oct 475 -11:00 - -11 1994 Dec 31 476 13:00 - +13 477 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901 478 -10:40 - -1040 1979 Oct 479 -10:00 - -10 1994 Dec 31 480 14:00 - +14 481 482 # N Mariana Is 483 # See Pacific/Guam. 484 485 # Marshall Is 486 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 487 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901 488 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct 489 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 490 11:00 - +11 1937 491 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 492 9:00 - +09 1944 Jan 30 493 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct 494 12:00 - +12 495 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901 496 11:00 - +11 1937 497 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 498 9:00 - +09 1944 Feb 6 499 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct 500 -12:00 - -12 1993 Aug 20 24:00 501 12:00 - +12 502 503 # Micronesia 504 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 505 Zone Pacific/Chuuk -13:52:52 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 506 10:07:08 - LMT 1901 507 10:00 - +10 1914 Oct 508 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 509 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 510 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 511 10:00 - +10 512 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei -13:27:08 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Kolonia 513 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 514 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct 515 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 516 11:00 - +11 1937 517 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 518 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 519 11:00 - +11 520 Zone Pacific/Kosrae -13:08:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 521 10:51:56 - LMT 1901 522 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct 523 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 524 11:00 - +11 1937 525 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 526 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 527 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct 528 12:00 - +12 1999 529 11:00 - +11 530 531 # Nauru 532 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 533 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe 534 11:30 - +1130 1942 Aug 29 535 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 8 536 11:30 - +1130 1979 Feb 10 2:00 537 12:00 - +12 538 539 # New Caledonia 540 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 541 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 - 542 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 - 543 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 - 544 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA. 545 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 - 546 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 547 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa 548 11:00 NC +11/+12 549 550 551 ############################################################################### 552 553 # New Zealand 554 555 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 556 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S 557 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M 558 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S 559 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M 560 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M 561 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S 562 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S 563 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a 564 # there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this 565 # transition. Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change 566 # time to percolate out. 567 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 568 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 - 569 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 570 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 - 571 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 572 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 - 573 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 574 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 - 575 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D 576 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 - 577 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 578 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 - 579 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 580 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 - 581 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 582 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 - 583 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 584 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 - 585 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 586 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 587 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1 588 12:00 NZ NZ%sT 589 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 590 12:15 - +1215 1946 Jan 1 591 12:45 Chatham +1245/+1345 592 593 Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo 594 595 # Auckland Is 596 # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers, 597 # and scientific personnel have wintered 598 599 # Campbell I 600 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914 601 # scientific station operated 1941/1995; 602 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered 603 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland 604 605 # Cook Is 606 # From Shanks & Pottenger: 607 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 608 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 - 609 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 610 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 - 611 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 612 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua 613 -10:30 - -1030 1978 Nov 12 614 -10:00 Cook -10/-0930 615 616 ############################################################################### 617 618 619 # Niue 620 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 621 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi 622 -11:20 - -1120 1951 623 -11:30 - -1130 1978 Oct 1 624 -11:00 - -11 625 626 # Norfolk 627 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 628 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston 629 11:12 - +1112 1951 630 11:30 - +1130 1974 Oct 27 02:00 631 11:30 1:00 +1230 1975 Mar 2 02:00 632 11:30 - +1130 2015 Oct 4 02:00 633 11:00 - +11 634 635 # Palau (Belau) 636 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 637 Zone Pacific/Palau -15:02:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Koror 638 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 639 9:00 - +09 640 641 # Papua New Guinea 642 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 643 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880 644 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time 645 10:00 - +10 646 # 647 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13): 648 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have 649 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War. 650 # 651 # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates 652 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns. 653 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta. 654 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942, 655 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia 656 # https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm 657 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender. 658 # 659 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11 660 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time". 661 # See: 662 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/ 663 # 664 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880 665 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 666 10:00 - +10 1942 Jul 667 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 21 668 10:00 - +10 2014 Dec 28 2:00 669 11:00 - +11 670 671 # Pitcairn 672 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 673 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown 674 -8:30 - -0830 1998 Apr 27 0:00 675 -8:00 - -08 676 677 # American Samoa 678 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1892 Jul 5 679 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911 680 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa 681 Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands 682 683 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa) 684 685 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16): 686 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received 687 # the following info: 688 # 689 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year 690 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first 691 # Sunday of April 2011." 692 # 693 # Background info: 694 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html 695 # 696 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not 697 # contain any dates: 698 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf 699 700 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07): 701 # Please see 702 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws 703 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday 704 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight 705 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks 706 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am" 707 708 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07): 709 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf] 710 # 711 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am 712 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to 713 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock 714 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs). 715 716 # From David Zülke (2011-05-09): 717 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line 718 # 719 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963 720 721 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27): 722 # The International Date Line Act 2011 723 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf 724 # changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on 725 # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted 726 # accordingly. 727 728 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02): 729 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html 730 # 731 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change 732 # 733 # DST 734 # Year End Time Start Time 735 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am 736 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - - 737 # 738 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011 739 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours 740 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours 741 # 742 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10): 743 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and 744 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013.... 745 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html 746 # 747 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08): 748 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4. 749 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely. 750 751 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 752 Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 - 753 Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 - 754 Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 - 755 Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 - 756 Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 - 757 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 758 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1892 Jul 5 759 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911 760 -11:30 - -1130 1950 761 -11:00 WS -11/-10 2011 Dec 29 24:00 762 13:00 WS +13/+14 763 764 # Solomon Is 765 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea 766 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 767 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara 768 11:00 - +11 769 770 # Tokelau 771 # 772 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29) 773 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping 774 # December 31 this year ... 775 # 776 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25) 777 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking 778 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13.... 779 # Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change 780 # actually was to UT-11 back then. 781 # 782 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25) 783 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of 784 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948, 785 # <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau 786 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger 787 # are off by an hour starting in 1901. 788 789 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 790 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901 791 -11:00 - -11 2011 Dec 30 792 13:00 - +13 793 794 # Tonga 795 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 796 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 - 797 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 - 798 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 799 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 - 800 Rule Tonga 2016 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 801 Rule Tonga 2017 only - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 - 802 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 803 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901 804 12:20 - +1220 1941 805 13:00 - +13 1999 806 13:00 Tonga +13/+14 807 808 # Tuvalu 809 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 810 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901 811 12:00 - +12 812 813 814 # US minor outlying islands 815 816 # Howland, Baker 817 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British 818 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known. 819 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944; 820 # uninhabited thereafter. 821 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937; 822 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long, 823 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000). 824 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935 825 # until they were abandoned after the war. 826 827 # Jarvis 828 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?. 829 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958; 830 # uninhabited thereafter. 831 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 832 833 # Johnston 834 # 835 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10): 836 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind. 837 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so 838 # treat it like Hawaii for now. Since Johnston is now uninhabited, 839 # its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file. 840 # 841 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945 842 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes, 843 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM 844 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and 845 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945. 846 # 847 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11): 848 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used 849 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships, 850 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the 851 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last 852 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin, 853 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the 854 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976. 855 # https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf 856 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a 857 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time 858 # Minus One Hour". 859 860 # Kingman 861 # uninhabited 862 863 # Midway 864 # See Pacific/Pago_Pago. 865 866 # Palmyra 867 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 868 869 # Wake 870 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 871 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901 872 12:00 - +12 873 874 875 # Vanuatu 876 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 877 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 - 878 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 - 879 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 - 880 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 - 881 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 - 882 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 - 883 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 884 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila 885 11:00 Vanuatu +11/+12 886 887 # Wallis and Futuna 888 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 889 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901 890 12:00 - +12 891 892 ############################################################################### 893 894 # NOTES 895 896 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 897 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 898 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see 899 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution. 900 901 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 902 # 903 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is: 904 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), 905 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). 906 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources. 907 # 908 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source 909 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport 910 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 911 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 912 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted, 913 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990. 914 # 915 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 916 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which 917 # I found in the UCLA library. 918 # 919 # For data circa 1899, a common source is: 920 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94. 921 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359 922 # 923 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is 924 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 925 # 926 # I invented the abbreviation marked "*". 927 # The following abbreviations are from other sources. 928 # Corrections are welcome! 929 # std dst 930 # LMT Local Mean Time 931 # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia 932 # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia 933 # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia 934 # 10:00 GST GDT* Guam through 2000 935 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro 936 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945 937 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present 938 # -11:00 SST Samoa 939 # -10:00 HST Hawaii 940 # 941 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii. 942 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is. 943 944 ############################################################################### 945 946 # Australia 947 948 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): 949 # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting 950 # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global. 951 # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving 952 # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native 953 # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was 954 # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a 955 # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded 956 # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables 957 # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals." 958 # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03) 959 # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm 960 961 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08): 962 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia 963 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml 964 # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia. 965 966 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12): 967 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales 968 # http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving 969 # covers New South Wales in particular. 970 971 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 972 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time. 973 # It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer' 974 # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the 975 # abbreviation does _not_ change... 976 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least 977 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the 978 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses 979 # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight 980 # time'. 981 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian 982 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time' 983 # or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the 984 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers 985 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases 986 # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times; 987 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC. 988 989 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): 990 # 991 # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this 992 # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer 993 # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST". 994 # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common 995 # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints 996 # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage. 997 # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important; 998 # what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web 999 # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for 1000 # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an 1001 # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the 1002 # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries: 1003 # 1004 # 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits] 1005 # 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au 1006 # 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au 1007 # 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au 1008 # 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au 1009 # 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au 1010 # 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits] 1011 # 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits] 1012 # 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au 1013 # 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au 1014 # 1015 # 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits] 1016 # 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au 1017 # 1018 # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but 1019 # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages 1020 # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since 1021 # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found: 1022 # 1023 # 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au 1024 # 226 "western standard time" WST site:au 1025 # 1026 # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as 1027 # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au" 1028 # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results. 1029 # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers 1030 # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail, 1031 # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser, 1032 # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle). 1033 # 1034 # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations 1035 # like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/> 1036 # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style 1037 # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't 1038 # fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations 1039 # like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather 1040 # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column 1041 # (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not 1042 # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..." 1043 # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and 1044 # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel 1045 # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two 1046 # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political 1047 # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party." 1048 # 1049 # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree: 1050 # 1051 # The Australian Government (2014-03-26) 1052 # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time 1053 # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.) 1054 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT 1055 # 1056 # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08) 1057 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml 1058 # EST CST WST EDT CDT 1059 # 1060 # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated) 1061 # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml 1062 # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST) 1063 # 1064 # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24) 1065 # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp 1066 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT 1067 # 1068 # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10) 1069 # https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf 1070 # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used 1071 # 1072 # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports, 1073 # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like. 1074 # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits: 1075 # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT". 1076 # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to 1077 # appear in reports of events with international implications. 1078 # 1079 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in 1080 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although 1081 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in 1082 # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it 1083 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all 1084 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments, 1085 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current 1086 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and 1087 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones. 1088 1089 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19): 1090 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 1091 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper 1092 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00, 1093 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970 1094 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time. 1095 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960. 1096 1097 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05): 1098 # 1099 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable, 1100 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more 1101 # relevant entries in this database. 1102 # 1103 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill): 1104 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04) 1105 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html 1106 # ACT 1107 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972 1108 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html 1109 # SA 1110 # Standard Time Act, 1898 1111 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html 1112 1113 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13): 1114 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by 1115 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. 1116 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday 1117 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March. 1118 # 1119 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14): 1120 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan 1121 # to extend DST together in 2006. 1122 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt 1123 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html 1124 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html 1125 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772 1126 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles 1127 # allude to it. 1128 # But not Queensland 1129 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html 1130 1131 # Northern Territory 1132 1133 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1134 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ] 1135 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 1136 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location. 1137 # ... 1138 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST 1139 1140 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1141 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1142 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving. 1143 1144 # Western Australia 1145 1146 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1147 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ] 1148 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 1149 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to 1150 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but 1151 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus 1152 # # before reaching parliament. 1153 # ... 1154 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST 1155 # ... 1156 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1157 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 1158 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1159 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 1160 1161 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1162 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1163 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving. 1164 1165 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02): 1166 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney 1167 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at 1168 # work at 9.00am.) 1169 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse 1170 # everybody again. 1171 1172 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1173 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess; 1174 # it matches what was used in the past. 1175 1176 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ 1177 # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm 1178 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses 1179 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia. 1180 1181 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01): 1182 # The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the 1183 # government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1, 1184 # 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09. The article noted that an exemption 1185 # would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing 1186 # to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area." See: 1187 # Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01. 1188 # https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/ 1189 1190 # Queensland 1191 1192 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26): 1193 # I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST: 1194 # Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland. 1195 # Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403 1196 # https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS 1197 1198 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1199 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ] 1200 # # [ Dec 1990 ] 1201 # ... 1202 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST 1203 # ... 1204 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1205 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E 1206 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1207 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E 1208 1209 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24): 1210 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from 1211 # October 1989). 1212 1213 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1214 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1215 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 1216 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 1217 1218 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 1219 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact 1220 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised 1221 # me.) 1222 1223 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08): 1224 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted 1225 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ... 1226 # ... 1227 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1228 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 1229 # ... 1230 1231 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1232 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes. 1233 1234 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning 1235 # from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01): 1236 # WA are trialing DST for three years. 1237 # http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf 1238 1239 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09): 1240 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the 1241 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western 1242 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The 1243 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so 1244 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the 1245 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South 1246 # Australia and Western Australia.... 1247 # 1248 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09): 1249 # This is confirmed by the section entitled 1250 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in 1251 # http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html 1252 # 1253 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07): 1254 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway, 1255 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern 1256 # coast of the continent. 1257 # 1258 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no 1259 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border 1260 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west 1261 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is 1262 # the largest population centre in this zone.... 1263 # 1264 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the 1265 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I 1266 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have, 1267 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45. 1268 # 1269 # (2006-12-09): 1270 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving 1271 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis 1272 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well 1273 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago. 1274 1275 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15): 1276 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the 1277 # introduction of standard time in 1895. 1278 1279 1280 # southeast Australia 1281 # 1282 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1283 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT 1284 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October. 1285 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html 1286 1287 1288 # South Australia 1289 1290 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1291 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1292 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 1293 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 1294 1295 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1296 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ] 1297 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 1298 # ... 1299 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST 1300 # ... 1301 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1302 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 1303 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C 1304 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 1305 1306 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11): 1307 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide 1308 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival, 1309 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks." 1310 1311 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13): 1312 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that) 1313 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even 1314 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival 1315 # is on... 1316 1317 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000): 1318 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday).... 1319 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever... 1320 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...). 1321 1322 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11): 1323 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March, 1324 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can 1325 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated.... 1326 1327 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07): 1328 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ... 1329 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994.... 1330 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March. 1331 1332 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1333 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1334 1335 # Tasmania 1336 1337 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 1338 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1339 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 1340 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 1341 1342 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10): 1343 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have 1344 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia 1345 # (but nothing new about that). 1346 1347 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04): 1348 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the 1349 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard, 1350 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria 1351 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000 1352 # instead of the first Sunday in October. 1353 1354 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules: 1355 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300 1356 1357 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1358 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1359 1360 # Victoria 1361 1362 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 1363 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1364 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 1365 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 1366 1367 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29): 1368 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an 1369 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was 1370 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar 1371 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located 1372 # in Melbourne, Australia. 1373 # 1374 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which 1375 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day 1376 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's 1377 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time, 1378 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the 1379 # expected time. 1380 # 1381 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had 1382 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of 1383 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps 1384 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more. 1385 # 1386 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html 1387 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au 1388 1389 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1390 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1391 1392 # New South Wales 1393 1394 # From Arthur David Olson: 1395 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time. 1396 # Based on law library research by John Mackin, 1397 # who notes: 1398 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the 1399 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time" 1400 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common 1401 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the 1402 # legislation. This is very important to understand. 1403 # I have researched New South Wales time only... 1404 1405 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26): 1406 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual 1407 # October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore, 1408 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26). 1409 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html 1410 1411 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27): 1412 # See the following official NSW source: 1413 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales. 1414 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ 1415 # 1416 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of 1417 # daylight saving next year. See: 1418 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving 1419 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm 1420 # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens. 1421 # 1422 # Victoria will follow NSW. See: 1423 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28) 1424 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm 1425 # 1426 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See: 1427 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19) 1428 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm 1429 # 1430 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See: 1431 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics 1432 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm 1433 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying 1434 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time 1435 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very 1436 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of 1437 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night. 1438 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules." 1439 # 1440 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See: 1441 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21) 1442 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm 1443 1444 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian 1445 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken 1446 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics. 1447 1448 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29: 1449 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW 1450 # towns to use Queensland time. 1451 1452 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1453 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1454 1455 # Yancowinna 1456 1457 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04): 1458 # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna. 1459 1460 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1461 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ] 1462 # # [ Dec 1990 ] 1463 # ... 1464 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the 1465 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings 1466 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government 1467 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have 1468 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not 1469 # # presently available. 1470 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST 1471 # ... 1472 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1473 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C 1474 # [followed by other Rules] 1475 1476 # Lord Howe Island 1477 1478 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1479 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ] 1480 # [ Dec 1990 ] 1481 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an 1482 # hour ahead of NSW time. 1483 1484 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27): 1485 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same 1486 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the 1487 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is 1488 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time 1489 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour 1490 # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents 1491 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing 1492 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will 1493 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW. 1494 1495 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25): 1496 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards 1497 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently 1498 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as 1499 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start 1500 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW. 1501 1502 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1503 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and 1504 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan. 1505 1506 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1507 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1508 1509 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28): 1510 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight 1511 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009 1512 # summer (southern hemisphere). 1513 # 1514 # From 1515 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf 1516 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling 1517 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing. 1518 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each 1519 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year. 1520 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia 1521 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and 1522 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year... 1523 # 1524 # We have a wrap-up here: 1525 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html 1526 ############################################################################### 1527 1528 # New Zealand 1529 1530 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03): 1531 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period. 1532 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for 1533 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start). 1534 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office. 1535 1536 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1537 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that! 1538 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z. 1539 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ] 1540 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 1541 # ... 1542 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1543 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 1544 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 1545 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S 1546 # ... 1547 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand 1548 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island 1549 1550 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1551 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989 1552 # rather than the October 1 value. 1553 1554 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19); 1555 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 1556 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight 1557 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard 1558 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March. 1559 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00. 1560 # 1561 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1562 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history, 1563 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references. 1564 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger. 1565 # 1566 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with 1567 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham 1568 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland. 1569 1570 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30): 1571 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the 1572 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning 1573 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06. 1574 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended 1575 1576 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14): 1577 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by 1578 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26). 1579 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf 1580 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand 1581 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard 1582 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New 1583 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow." 1584 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time 1585 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match 1586 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did 1587 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST. 1588 1589 ############################################################################### 1590 1591 1592 # Fiji 1593 1594 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji 1595 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time 1596 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind). 1597 1598 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08): 1599 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01 1600 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will 1601 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February. 1602 1603 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08): 1604 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow. 1605 1606 # From the BBC World Service in 1607 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC): 1608 # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to 1609 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also 1610 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning 1611 # of the new millennium. 1612 1613 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13) 1614 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST. 1615 1616 1617 # Kiribati 1618 1619 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1620 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati 1621 # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995" 1622 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century. 1623 1624 # From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03): 1625 # December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition 1626 # would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995. 1627 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04): 1628 # One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All: 1629 # The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007). 1630 1631 # Kwajalein 1632 1633 # From an AP article (1993-08-22): 1634 # "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good 1635 # excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one. Residents were 1636 # going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight 1637 # -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from 1638 # one side of the international date line to the other." 1639 # "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22. 1640 # https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html 1641 1642 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): 1643 # <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時> ... pointed out that 1644 # currently tzdata say Pacific/Kwajalein switched from GMT+11 to GMT-12 in 1645 # 1969 October without explanation, however an 1993 article from NYT say it 1646 # synchorized its day with US mainland about 40 years ago and thus the switch 1647 # should occur at around 1950s instead. 1648 # 1649 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1650 # The NYT (actually, AP) article is vague and possibly wrong about this. 1651 # The article says the earlier switch was "40 years ago when the United States 1652 # Army established a missile test range here". However, the Kwajalein Test 1653 # Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy. It was 1654 # transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01. See "Seize the High Ground" 1655 # <https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-88-1/cmhPub_70-88-1.pdf>. 1656 # Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined 1657 # to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence. 1658 1659 1660 # N Mariana Is, Guam 1661 1662 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): 1663 # Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ... 1664 # however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that 1665 # period. It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during 1666 # that period of time like the surrounding area. 1667 1668 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1669 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the 1670 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones 1671 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time. 1672 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines; 1673 # see Asia/Manila. 1674 # 1675 # Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start 1676 # and end of Japanese control of Agana. We don't know whether the Northern 1677 # Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume 1678 # they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff. 1679 # 1680 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time, 1681 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation, 1682 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law, 1683 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST". 1684 1685 # See also the commentary for Micronesia. 1686 1687 1688 # Marshall Is 1689 # See the commentary for Micronesia. 1690 1691 1692 # Micronesia (and nearby) 1693 1694 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1695 # Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies 1696 # kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844. 1697 1698 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16), 1699 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk' 1700 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10." 1701 # 1702 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11 1703 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now. 1704 1705 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29): 1706 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in 1707 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26) 1708 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html 1709 # that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11. 1710 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now. 1711 1712 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): 1713 # 1714 # From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時 1715 # ... 1716 # For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of 1717 # Micronesia + Marshall Islands): 1718 # 1719 # A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands 1720 # who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like 1721 # of German New Guinea. However there is a marking saying it have not been 1722 # implemented (yet). No further information after that were found. 1723 # 1724 # Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were 1725 # instructed to use JST at the time. 1726 # 1727 # 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use 1728 # the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the 1729 # longitude of the atoll. 1730 # 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until 1731 # February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST. 1732 # However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and 1733 # probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that 1734 # is if they keep their own time back then) 1735 # 1736 # In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area 1737 # into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1, 1738 # +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same 1739 # year. Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying 1740 # force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard 1741 # time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such. 1742 # * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area 1743 # (Southern Islands Western Standard Time) 1744 # * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil 1745 # administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time) 1746 # * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil 1747 # administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time). 1748 # * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been 1749 # formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal 1750 # governance structure have been established, these district [become 1751 # subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard 1752 # time of the area. 1753 # * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was 1754 # occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the 1755 # Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape 1756 # subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape 1757 # subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E 1758 # starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the 1759 # Marshall Islands. 1760 # 1761 # And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the 1762 # area into 2 timezones: 1763 # * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and 1764 # Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time) 1765 # * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk), 1766 # Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern 1767 # Standard Time) 1768 # 1769 # Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year, 1770 # standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian 1771 # of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area. 1772 # 1773 # Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the 1774 # island. The webpage I linked above contain no information during this 1775 # period of time.... 1776 # 1777 # After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the 1778 # (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time 1779 # different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking 1780 # time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10. 1781 # 1782 # After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands 1783 # under American administration from year 1947. The site listed some 1784 # American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those 1785 # area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable 1786 # information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable 1787 # information can be found. 1788 # 1789 # 1790 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1791 # 1792 # For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that 1793 # plausibly exist but for which the details are not known. The information 1794 # for Wake is too sketchy to act on. 1795 # 1796 # The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been 1797 # done, so omit it from the data for now. 1798 # 1799 # The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein. 1800 1801 1802 # Midway 1803 1804 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956), 1805 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection 1806 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31): 1807 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight 1808 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning, 1809 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956 1810 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to 1811 # air at 6am your time. 1812 # 1813 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 1814 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they 1815 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years 1816 # in Midway, but we have no record of it. 1817 1818 # Nauru 1819 1820 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-31): 1821 # Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then 1822 # switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades. 1823 # However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then 1824 # showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ナウルの標準時 1825 # And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced. 1826 # ... 1827 # The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change" 1828 # http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3 1829 # based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change" 1830 # http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru 1831 # Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb. 1832 # 1833 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19): 1834 # The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in 1835 # "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935), 1836 # page 3, which does not give the UT offset. In response to a comment by 1837 # Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to 1838 # 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from: 1839 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru 1840 1841 # Norfolk 1842 1843 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23): 1844 # Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100: 1845 # https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text 1846 # ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015. 1847 # http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf 1848 1849 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23): 1850 # Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted 1851 # the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's 1852 # Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST 1853 # other than in 1974/5. See: 1854 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html 1855 1856 # Palau 1857 # See commentary for Micronesia. 1858 1859 # Pitcairn 1860 1861 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08): 1862 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998 1863 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows. 1864 # 1865 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be 1866 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known 1867 # as Pitcairn Standard Time. 1868 # 1869 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several 1870 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation 1871 # somehow in light of this proclamation. 1872 1873 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09): 1874 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998 1875 # ... at midnight. 1876 1877 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave: 1878 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as 1879 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in 1880 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago. 1881 1882 1883 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa 1884 1885 # Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean 1886 # time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change 1887 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system, 1888 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that 1889 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year." 1890 # This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20. 1891 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm 1892 1893 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30 1894 # in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11 1895 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards 1896 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932. 1897 # Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950, 1898 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a 1899 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New 1900 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations. 1901 1902 1903 # Tonga 1904 1905 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1906 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting 1907 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time." 1908 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do. 1909 1910 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle 1911 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins': 1912 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm 1913 # 1914 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST 1915 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its 1916 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its 1917 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of 1918 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13° 1919 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time). 1920 # 1921 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince 1922 # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time 1923 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change. 1924 # 1925 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer 1926 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40 1927 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40 1928 # minutes we have lost?" 1929 # 1930 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that 1931 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth 1932 # to say your prayers in the morning." 1933 1934 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1935 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell. 1936 1937 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03): 1938 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium 1939 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front. 1940 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from 1941 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan 1942 # Government. 1943 1944 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 1945 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November 1946 # 1947 # I was given this link by John Letts: 1948 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm 1949 # 1950 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November 1951 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead 1952 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead 1953 # (12 + 1 hour DST). 1954 1955 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20): 1956 # According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>: 1957 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000 1958 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the 1959 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on 1960 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and 1961 # set back an hour on the closing date." 1962 # Alas, no indication of the time of day. 1963 1964 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06): 1965 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am. 1966 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning. 1967 1968 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31): 1969 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com 1970 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19 1971 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article 1972 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the 1973 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here. 1974 # (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>) 1975 1976 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01): 1977 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27. 1978 1979 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow: 1980 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom 1981 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday 1982 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one 1983 # hour to 1:00am. 1984 1985 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05): 1986 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't. 1987 1988 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27): 1989 # http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017 1990 # Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen 1991 # the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set. 1992 # 1993 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26): 1994 # Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00 1995 # through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now. 1996 1997 # From David Wade (2017-10-18): 1998 # In August government was disolved by the King. The current prime minister 1999 # continued in office in care taker mode. It is easy to see that few 2000 # decisions will be made until elections 16th November. 2001 # 2002 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18): 2003 # For now, guess that DST is discontinued. That's what the IATA is guessing. 2004 2005 2006 # Wake 2007 2008 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup, 2009 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02): 2010 # 2011 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the 2012 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the 2013 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we 2014 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time 2015 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost 2016 # impossible. 2017 # 2018 # https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm 2019 2020 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 2021 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now. 2022 2023 # See also the commentary for Micronesia. 2024 2025 2026 ############################################################################### 2027 2028 # The International Date Line 2029 2030 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03): 2031 # 2032 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard, 2033 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please. 2034 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on 2035 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there. 2036 # 2037 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and 2038 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL 2039 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most 2040 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line 2041 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific 2042 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international 2043 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is 2044 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some 2045 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not 2046 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the 2047 # correct date is ambiguous. 2048 2049 # From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31): 2050 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting 2051 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's 2052 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's 2053 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the 2054 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all 2055 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones 2056 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any 2057 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted 2058 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's 2059 # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were 2060 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many 2061 # independent merchant ships until World War II. 2062 2063 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen 2064 # (2005-03-20): 2065 # 2066 # The American Practical Navigator (2002) 2067 # http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187 2068 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in 2069 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.