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34 <h1>TIFF Metadata Format Specification and Usage Notes</h1>
35
36 <a href="#Reading">Reading Images</a>
37 <ul>
38 <li><a href="#ColorConversionRead">Color Conversion</a></li>
39 <li><a href="#ColorSpacesRead">Color Spaces</a></li>
40 <li><a href="#ICCProfilesRead">ICC Profiles</a></li>
41 <li><a href="#MetadataIssuesRead">Metadata Issues</a>
42 <ul>
43 <li><a href="#MapNativeStandard">Native to Standard Metadata Mapping</a></li>
44 </ul>
45 </li>
46 <li><a href="#ExifRead">Reading Exif Images</a>
47 <ul>
48 <li><a href="#ExifReadTIFF">Reading Uncompressed Exif Images</a></li>
49 <li><a href="#ExifReadJPEG">Reading Compressed Exif Images</a></li>
50 </ul>
51 </li>
52 </ul>
53 <a href="#Writing">Writing Images</a><br/>
54 <ul>
55 <li><a href="#Compression">Compression</a></li>
56 <li><a href="#ColorConversionWrite">Color Conversion</a></li>
57 <li><a href="#ICCProfilesWrite">ICC Profiles</a></li>
58 <li><a href="#MetadataIssuesWrite">Metadata Issues</a>
59 <ul>
60 <li><a href="#MapStandardNative">Standard to Native Metadata Mapping</a></li>
61 </ul>
62 <li><a href="#ExifWrite">Writing Exif Images</a>
63 <ul>
64 <li><a href="#ExifWriteTIFF">Writing Uncompressed Exif Images</a></li>
65 <li><a href="#ExifWriteJPEG">Writing Compressed Exif Images</a></li>
66 </ul>
67 </li>
68 </ul>
69 <a href="#StreamMetadata">Native Stream Metadata Format</a><br/>
70 <a href="#ImageMetadata">Native Image Metadata Format</a>
71
72 <h2><a id="Reading">Reading Images</a></h2>
73
74 TIFF images are read by an <a href="../../ImageReader.html">ImageReader</a>
75 which may be controlled by its public interface as well as via a supplied
76 <a href="../../plugins/tiff/TIFFImageReadParam.html">TIFFImageReadParam</a>.
77
78 <!-- <h3>Supported Image Types</h3> -->
79
80 <!-- Table? -->
81
82 <h3><a id="ColorConversionRead">Color Conversion</a></h3>
83
84 <p>If the source image data
85 have photometric type CIE L*a*b* or YCbCr, and the destination color space
86 type is RGB, then the source image data will be automatically converted to
87 RGB using an internal color converter.</p>
88
89 <h3><a id="ColorSpacesRead">Color Spaces</a></h3>
90
91 The raw color space assigned by default, i.e., in the absence of a
92 user-supplied <a href="../../ImageTypeSpecifier.html">ImageTypeSpecifier</a>,
93 will be the first among the following which applies:
94
95 <ul>
96 <li>A color space created from the <a href="#ICCProfilesRead">ICC Profile</a>
97 metadata field if it is present and compatible with the image data
98 layout.</li>
99 <li><a id="nonICCProfile"></a>sRGB if the image is monochrome/bilevel
100 (a two-level color map is created internally).</li>
101 <li>sRGB if the image is palette-color.</li>
102 <li>Linear RGB if the image has three samples per pixel, has photometric type
103 CIE L*a*b*, or has photometric type YCbCr and is <i>not</i>
104 JPEG-compressed.</li>
105 <li>A <a href="#DefaultCMYK">default CMYK color space</a> if the image has
106 photometric type CMYK and four samples per pixel.</li>
107 <li>Grayscale if the image has one or two samples per pixel and uniformly
108 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 bits per sample or is floating point.</li>
109 <li>sRGB if the image has three or four samples per pixel and uniformly
110 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 bits per sample or is floating point.</li>
111 <li>A fabricated, <a href="#GenericCS">generic color space</a> if the image
112 has more than four samples per pixel and the number of bits per sample for
113 all bands is the same and is a multiple of 8.</li>
114 <li>Grayscale if the image has one or two samples per pixel regardless of
115 the number of bits per sample.</li>
116 <li>sRGB if the image has three or four samples per pixel regardless of
117 the number of bits per sample.</li>
118 <li>A fabricated, <a href="#GenericCS">generic color space</a> if the image
119 has more than four samples per pixel regardless of the number of bits per
120 sample.</li>
121 </ul>
122
123 <p><a id="DefaultCMYK"></a>The normalized color coordinate transformations
124 used for the default CMYK color space are defined as follows:
125
126 <ul>
127 <li>CMYK to linear RGB
128 <pre>
129 R = (1 - K)*(1 - C)
130 G = (1 - K)*(1 - M)
131 B = (1 - K)*(1 - Y)
132 </pre>
133 </li>
134 <li>Linear RGB to CMYK
135 <pre>
136 K = min{1 - R, 1 - G, 1 - B}
137 if(K != 1) {
138 C = (1 - R - K)/(1 - K)
139 M = (1 - G - K)/(1 - K)
140 Y = (1 - B - K)/(1 - K)
141 } else {
142 C = M = Y = 0
143 }
144 </pre>
145 </li>
146 </ul>
147
148 <p><a id="GenericCS"></a>The generic color space used when no other color space
149 can be inferred is provided merely to enable the data to be loaded. It is not
150 intended to provide accurate conversions of any kind.</p>
151
152 <p>If the data are known to be in a color space not correctly handled by the
153 foregoing, then an <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> should be
154 supplied to the reader and should be derived from a color space which is correct
155 for the data in question.</p>
156
157 <h3><a id="ICCProfilesRead">ICC Profiles</a></h3>
158
159 If an ICC profile is contained in the image metadata
160 (<a href="../../plugins/tiff/BaselineTIFFTagSet.html">
161 BaselineTIFFTagSet</a>.TAG_ICC_PROFILE, tag number 34675),
162 an attempt will be made to use it to create the color space
163 of the loaded image. It will be used if the data layout is of component type
164 and the number of samples per pixel equals or is one greater than the number
165 of components described by the ICC profile. If the ICC profile is not used
166 then the color space will be inferred in one of the subsequent steps described
167 <a href="#nonICCProfile">above</a>.
168
169 <p>If for some reason the embedded ICC profile is not used automatically, then
170 it may be used manually by following this procedure:
171
172 <ol>
173 <li>Obtain the image metadata from
174 <code>ImageReader.getImageMetadata</code></li>
175 <li>Extract the ICC profile field and its value.</li>
176 <li>Create an <a href="../../../../java/awt/color/ICC_ColorSpace.html">
177 ICC_ColorSpace</a> from an
178 <a href="../../../../java/awt/color/ICC_Profile.html">
179 ICC_Profile</a> created from the ICC profile field data
180 using <code>ICC_Profile.getInstance(byte[])</code>.</li>
181 <li>Create an <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> from the new color
182 space using one of its factory methods which accepts an
183 <code>ICC_ColorSpace</code>.
184 <li>Create a compatible <a href="../../ImageReadParam.html">ImageReadParam</a>
185 and set the <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> using
186 <code>ImageReadParam.setDestinationType</code>.</li>
187 <li>Pass the parameter object to the appropriate <code>read</code> method.</li>
188 </ol>
189
190 <p>If the inferred color space not based on the ICC Profile field is compatible
191 with the ICC profile-based color space, then a second
192 <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> derived from this inferred color
193 space will be included in the
194 <a href="../../../../../java.base/java/util/Iterator.html">Iterator</a> returned by
195 <code>ImageReader.getImageTypes</code>. If the iterator contains
196 more than one type, the first one will be based on the ICC profile and the
197 second on the inferred color space.</p>
198
199 <h3><a id="MetadataIssuesRead">Metadata Issues</a></h3>
200
201 By default all recognized fields in the TIFF image file directory (IFD) are
202 loaded into the native image metadata object. Which fields are loaded may be
203 controlled by setting which TIFF tags the reader is allowed to recognize,
204 whether to read fields with unrecognized tags, and whether to ignore all
205 metadata. The reader is informed to disregard all metadata as usual via the
206 <code>ignoreMetadata</code> parameter of
207 <code>ImageReader.setInput(Object,boolean,boolean)</code>. It is
208 informed of which <a href="../../plugins/tiff/TIFFTag.html">TIFFTag</a>s to
209 recognize or not to recognize via
210 <code>TIFFImageReadParam.addAllowedTagSet(TIFFTagSet)</code> and
211 <code>TIFFImageReadParam.removeAllowedTagSet(TIFFTagSet)</code>.
212 If <code>ignoreMetadata</code> is <code>true</code>, then only metadata
213 essential to reading the image will be loaded into the native image metadata
214 object. If <code>ignoreMetadata</code> is <code>false</code>, then the reader
215 will by default load into the native image metadata object only those fields
216 which are either essential to reading the image or have a <code>TIFFTag</code>
217 contained in the one of the allowed <code>TIFFTagSet</code>s. Reading of
218 fields with tags not in the allowed <code>TIFFTagSet</code>s may be forced
219 by passing in a <code>TIFFImageReadParam</code> on which
220 <code>TIFFImageReadParam.setReadUnknownTags(boolean)</code> has been
221 invoked with parameter <code>true</code>.
222
223 <p>Use of a <a href="../../plugins/tiff/TIFFDirectory.html">TIFFDirectory</a>
224 object may simplify gaining access to metadata values. An instance of
225 <code>TIFFDirectory</code> may be created from the <code>IIOMetadata</code>
226 object returned by the TIFF reader using the
227 <code>TIFFDirectory.createFromMetadata</code> method.</p>
228
229 <h4><a id="MapNativeStandard"></a>
230 Mapping of TIFF Native Image Metadata to the Standard Metadata Format</h4>
231
232 The derivation of standard metadata format
233 <a href="standard_metadata.html">javax_imageio_1.0</a>
234 elements from <a href="#ImageMetadata">TIFF native image metadata</a> is given
235 in the following table.
236
237 <table border="1">
238 <tr>
239 <th>Standard Metadata Element</th>
240 <th>Derivation from TIFF Fields</th>
241 </tr>
242 <tr>
243 <td>/Chroma/ColorSpaceType@name</td>
244 <td>PhotometricInterpretation: WhiteIsZero, BlackIsZero, TransparencyMask =
245 "GRAY"; RGB, PaletteColor => "RGB"; CMYK => "CMYK";
246 YCbCr => "YCbCr";
247 CIELab, ICCLab => "Lab".</td>
248 </tr>
249 <tr>
250 <td>/Chroma/NumChannels@value</td>
251 <td>SamplesPerPixel</td>
252 </tr>
253 <tr>
254 <td>/Chroma/BlackIsZero@value</td>
255 <td>"TRUE" <=> PhotometricInterpretation => WhiteIsZero</td>
256 </tr>
257 <tr>
258 <td>/Chroma/Palette</td>
259 <td>ColorMap</td>
260 </tr>
261 <tr>
262 <td>/Compression/CompressionTypeName@value</td>
263 <td>Compression: Uncompressed => "none"; CCITT 1D => "CCITT
264 RLE";
265 Group 3 Fax => "CCITT T.4"; Group 4 Fax => "CCITT T.6";
266 LZW => "LZW";
267 JPEG => "Old JPEG"; New JPEG => "JPEG"; Zlib =>> "ZLib"; PackBits =>
268 "PackBits";
269 Deflate => "Deflate"; Exif JPEG => "JPEG".</td>
270 </tr>
271 <tr>
272 <td>/Compression/Lossless@value</td>
273 <td>Compression: JPEG or New JPEG => "FALSE"; otherwise "TRUE".</td>
274 </tr>
275 <tr>
276 <td>/Data/PlanarConfiguration@value</td>
277 <td>Chunky => "PixelInterleaved"; Planar => "PlaneInterleaved".</td>
278 </tr>
279 <tr>
280 <td>/Data/SampleFormat@value</td>
281 <td>PhotometricInterpretation PaletteColor => "Index";
282 SampleFormat unsigned integer data => "UnsignedIntegral";
283 SampleFormat two's complement signed integer data => "SignedIntegral";
284 SampleFormat IEEE floating point data => "Real";
285 otherwise element not emitted.
286 </td>
287 </tr>
288 <tr>
289 <td>/Data/BitsPerSample@value</td>
290 <td>BitsPerSample as a space-separated list.</td>
291 </tr>
292 <tr>
293 <td>/Data/SampleMSB@value</td>
294 <td>FillOrder: left-to-right => space-separated list of BitsPerSample-1;
295 right-to-left => space-separated list of 0s.</td>
296 </tr>
297 <tr>
298 <td>/Dimension/PixelAspectRatio@value</td>
299 <td>(1/XResolution)/(1/YResolution)</td>
300 </tr>
301 <tr>
302 <td>/Dimension/ImageOrientation@value</td>
303 <td>Orientation</td>
304 </tr>
305 <tr>
306 <td>/Dimension/HorizontalPixelSize@value</td>
307 <td>1/XResolution in millimeters if ResolutionUnit is not None.</td>
308 </tr>
309 <tr>
310 <td>/Dimension/VerticalPixelSize@value</td>
311 <td>1/YResolution in millimeters if ResolutionUnit is not None.</td>
312 </tr>
313 <tr>
314 <td>/Dimension/HorizontalPosition@value</td>
315 <td>XPosition in millimeters if ResolutionUnit is not None.</td>
316 </tr>
317 <tr>
318 <td>/Dimension/VerticalPosition@value</td>
319 <td>YPosition in millimeters if ResolutionUnit is not None.</td>
320 </tr>
321 <tr>
322 <td>/Document/FormatVersion@value</td>
323 <td>6.0</td>
324 </tr>
325 <tr>
326 <td>/Document/SubimageInterpretation@value</td>
327 <td>NewSubFileType: transparency => "TransparencyMask";
328 reduced-resolution => "ReducedResolution";
329 single page => "SinglePage".</td>
330 </tr>
331 <tr>
332 <td>/Document/ImageCreationTime@value</td>
333 <td>DateTime</td>
334 </tr>
335 <tr>
336 <td>/Text/TextEntry</td>
337 <td>DocumentName, ImageDescription, Make, Model, PageName, Software,
338 Artist, HostComputer, InkNames, Copyright:
339 /Text/TextEntry@keyword = field name,
340 /Text/TextEntry@value = field value.<br>
341 Example: TIFF Software field => /Text/TextEntry@keyword = "Software",
342 /Text/TextEntry@value = Name and version number of the software package(s)
343 used to create the image.</td>
344 </tr>
345 <tr>
346 <td>/Transparency/Alpha@value</td>
347 <td>ExtraSamples: associated alpha => "premultiplied";
348 unassociated alpha => "nonpremultiplied".</td>
349 </tr>
350 </table>
351
352 <h3><a id="ExifRead">Reading Exif Images</a></h3>
353
354 The TIFF reader may be used to read an uncompressed Exif image or the
355 contents of the <code>APP1</code> marker segment of a compressed Exif image.
356
357 <h4><a id="ExifReadTIFF">Reading Uncompressed Exif Images</a></h4>
358
359 An uncompressed Exif image is a one- or two-page uncompressed TIFF image
360 with a specific ordering of its IFD and image data content. Each pixel
361 has three 8-bit samples with photometric interpretation RGB or YCbCr.
362 The image stream must contain a single primary image and may contain a
363 single thumbnail which if present must also be uncompressed. The usual
364 <code>ImageReader</code> methods may be used to read the image
365 data and metadata:
366
367 <pre><code>
368 ImageInputStream input;
369 ImageReader tiffReader;
370 ImageReadParam tiffReadParam;
371
372 tiffReader.setInput(input);
373
374 // Read primary image and IFD.
375 BufferedImage image = tiffReader.read(0, tiffReadParam);
376 IIOMetadata primaryIFD = tiffReader.getImageMetadata(0);
377
378 // Read thumbnail if present.
379 BufferedImage thumbnail = null;
380 if (tiffReader.getNumImages(true) > 1) {
381 thumbnail = tiffReader.read(1, tiffReadParam);
382 }
383 </code></pre>
384
385 Note that the Exif thumbnail is treated as a separate page in the TIFF
386 stream and not as a thumbnail, i.e.,
387 <code>tiffReader.hasThumbnails(0)</code> will return <code>false</code>.
388
389 <h4><a id="ExifReadJPEG">Reading Compressed Exif Images</a></h4>
390
391 A compressed Exif image is a 3-band ISO/IEC 10918-1 baseline DCT JPEG stream
392 with an inserted <code>APP1</code> marker segment. The parameters of the marker
393 segment after the length are the 6-byte sequence
394 <code>{'E', 'x', 'i', 'f', 0x00, 0x00}</code>
395 followed by a complete TIFF stream. The embedded TIFF stream contains a primary
396 IFD describing the JPEG image optionally followed by a thumbnail IFD and
397 compressed or uncompressed thumbnail image data. Note that the embedded TIFF
398 stream does not contain any image data associated with the primary IFD
399 nor any descriptive fields which duplicate information found in the JPEG
400 stream itself.
401
402 <p>The parameter content of the <code>APP1</code> marker segment may be obtained
403 from the user object of the associated <code>Node</code> in a
404 <code>javax_imageio_jpeg_image_1.0</code> native image metadata tree extracted
405 from the image metadata object returned by the JPEG reader. This APP1 Exif
406 node will be a child of the node named "markerSequence" and will
407 have name <code>unknown</code> and an attribute named <code>MarkerTag</code> with
408 integral value <code>0xE1</code> (<code>String</code> value
409 <code>"225"</code>). The user object of this node will be a byte array
410 which starts with the six bytes <code>{'E', 'x', 'i', 'f', '0', '0'}</code>.
411 The primary IFD and the thumbnail IFD and image may be
412 read from the user object by the usual <code>ImageReader</code>
413 methods:
414
415 <pre><code>
416 ImageReader jpegReader;
417 ImageReader tiffReader;
418
419 // Obtain the APP1 Exif marker data from the JPEG image metadata.
420 IIOMetadata jpegImageMetadata = jpegReader.getImageMetadata(0);
421 String nativeFormat = jpegImageMetadata.getNativeMetadataFormatName();
422 Node jpegImageMetadataTree = jpegImageMetadata.getAsTree(nativeFormat);
423
424 // getExifMarkerData() returns the byte array which is the user object
425 // of the APP1 Exif marker node.
426 byte[] app1Params = getExifMarkerData(jpegImageMetadataTree);
427 if (app1Params == null) {
428 throw new IIOException("APP1 Exif marker not found.");
429 }
430
431 // Set up input, skipping Exif ID 6-byte sequence.
432 MemoryCacheImageInputStream app1ExifInput
433 = new MemoryCacheImageInputStream
434 (new ByteArrayInputStream(app1Params, 6, app1Params.length - 6));
435 tiffReader.setInput(app1ExifInput);
436
437 // Read primary IFD.
438 IIOMetadata primaryIFD = tiffReader.getImageMetadata(0);
439
440 // Read thumbnail if present.
441 BufferedImage thumbnail = null;
442 if (tiffReader.getNumImages(true) > 1) {
443 thumbnail = tiffReader.read(1, tiffReadParam);
444 }
445
446 // Read the primary image.
447 BufferedImage image = jpegReader.read(0);
448 </code></pre>
449
450 Note that <code>tiffReader.getNumImages(true)</code> returns the number of
451 IFDs in the embedded TIFF stream including those corresponding to empty
452 images. Calling <code>tiffReader.read(0, readParam)</code> will throw
453 an exception as the primary image in the embedded TIFF stream is always
454 empty; the primary image should be obtained using the JPEG reader itself.
455
456 <h2><a id="Writing">Writing Images</a></h2>
457
458 TIFF images are written by a <a href="../../ImageWriter.html">ImageWriter</a> which may be
459 controlled by its public interface as well as via a supplied
460 <a href="../../ImageWriteParam.html">ImageWriteParam</a>. For an <code>ImageWriteParam</code> returned
461 by the <code>getDefaultWriteParam()</code> method of the TIFF <code>ImageWriter</code>,
462 the <code>canWriteTiles()</code> and <code>canWriteCompressed()</code> methods
463 will return <code>true</code>; the <code>canOffsetTiles()</code> and
464 <code>canWriteProgressive()</code> methods will return <code>false</code>.
465
466 The TIFF writer supports many optional capabilities including writing tiled
467 images, inserting images, writing or inserting empty images, and replacing image
468 data. Pixels may be replaced in either empty or non-empty images but if and
469 only if the data are not compressed.
470
471 <p> If tiles are being written, then each of their dimensions will be
472 rounded to the nearest multiple of 16 per the TIFF specification. If
473 JPEG-in-TIFF compression is being used, and tiles are being written
474 each tile dimension will be rounded to the nearest multiple of 8 times
475 the JPEG minimum coded unit (MCU) in that dimension. If JPEG-in-TIFF
476 compression is being used and strips are being written, the number of
477 rows per strip is rounded to a multiple of 8 times the maximum MCU over
478 both dimensions.</p>
479
480 <!-- <h3>Supported Image Types</h3> -->
481
482 <!-- Table? -->
483
484 <h3><a id="Compression">Compression</a></h3>
485
486 The compression type may be set via the <code>setCompressionType()</code> method of
487 the <code>ImageWriteParam</code> after setting the compression mode to
488 <code>MODE_EXPLICIT</code>. The set of innately
489 supported compression types is listed in the following table:
490
491 <table border=1>
492 <caption><b>Supported Compression Types</b></caption>
493 <tr><th>Compression Type</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Reference</th></tr>
494 <tr>
495 <td>CCITT RLE</td>
496 <td>Modified Huffman compression</td>
497 <td>TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 10</td>
498 </tr>
499 <tr>
500 <td>CCITT T.4</td>
501 <td>CCITT T.4 bilevel encoding/Group 3 facsimile compression</td>
502 <td>TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 11</td>
503 </tr>
504 <tr>
505 <td>CCITT T.6</td>
506 <td>CCITT T.6 bilevel encoding/Group 4 facsimile compression</td>
507 <td>TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 11</td></tr>
508 <tr>
509 <td>LZW</td>
510 <td>LZW compression</td>
511 <td>TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 13</td></tr>
512 <tr>
513 <td>JPEG</td>
514 <td>"New" JPEG-in-TIFF compression</td>
515 <td>TIFF Technical Note #2</td></tr>
516 <tr>
517 <td>ZLib</td>
518 <td>"Deflate/Inflate" compression (see note following this table)</td>
519 <td>Adobe Photoshop® TIFF Technical Notes</td>
520 </tr>
521 <tr>
522 <td>PackBits</td>
523 <td>Byte-oriented, run length compression</td>
524 <td>TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 9</td>
525 </tr>
526 <tr>
527 <td>Deflate</td>
528 <td>"Zip-in-TIFF" compression (see note following this table)</td>
529 <td><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1950">
530 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification</a>,
531 <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1951">
532 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification</a></td>
533 </tr>
534 <tr>
535 <td>Exif JPEG</td>
536 <td>Exif-specific JPEG compression (see note following this table)</td>
537 <td><a href="http://www.exif.org/Exif2-2.PDF">Exif 2.2 Specification</a>
538 (PDF), section 4.5.5, "Basic Structure of Thumbnail Data"</td>
539 </table>
540
541 <p>
542 Old-style JPEG compression as described in section 22 of the TIFF 6.0
543 Specification is <i>not</i> supported.
544 </p>
545
546 <p> The CCITT compression types are applicable to bilevel (1-bit)
547 images only. The JPEG compression type is applicable to byte
548 grayscale (1-band) and RGB (3-band) images only.</p>
549
550 <p>
551 ZLib and Deflate compression are identical except for the value of the
552 TIFF Compression field: for ZLib the Compression field has value 8
553 whereas for Deflate it has value 32946 (0x80b2). In both cases each
554 image segment (strip or tile) is written as a single complete zlib data
555 stream.
556 </p>
557
558 <p>
559 "Exif JPEG" is a compression type used when writing the contents of an
560 APP1 Exif marker segment for inclusion in a JPEG native image metadata
561 tree. The contents appended to the output when this compression type is
562 used are a function of whether an empty or non-empty image is written.
563 If the image is empty, then a TIFF IFD adhering to the specification of
564 a compressed Exif primary IFD is appended. If the image is non-empty,
565 then a complete IFD and image adhering to the specification of a
566 compressed Exif thumbnail IFD and image are appended. Note that the
567 data of the empty image may <i>not</i> later be appended using the pixel
568 replacement capability of the TIFF writer.
569 </p>
570
571 <p> If ZLib/Deflate or JPEG compression is used, the compression quality
572 may be set. For ZLib/Deflate the supplied floating point quality value is
573 rescaled to the range <code>[1, 9]</code> and truncated to an integer
574 to derive the Deflate compression level. For JPEG the floating point
575 quality value is passed directly to the JPEG writer plug-in which
576 interprets it in the usual way.</p>
577
578 <h3><a id="ColorConversionWrite">Color Conversion</a></h3>
579
580 <p>If the source image data
581 color space type is RGB, and the destination photometric type is CIE L*a*b* or
582 YCbCr, then the source image data will be automatically converted from
583 RGB using an internal color converter.</p>
584
585 <h3><a id="ICCProfilesWrite">ICC Profiles</a></h3>
586
587 An <code>ICC Profile</code> field will be written if either:
588 <ul>
589 <li>one is present in the native image metadata
590 <a href="../IIOMetadata.html">IIOMetadata</a> instance supplied to the writer,
591 or</li>
592 <li>the <a href="../../../../java/awt/color/ColorSpace.html">ColorSpace</a>
593 of the destination <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> is an instance of
594 <code>ICC_ColorSpace</code> which is not one of the standard
595 color spaces defined by the <code>CS_*</code> constants in the
596 <code>ColorSpace</code> class. The destination type is set via
597 <code>ImageWriteParam.setDestinationType(ImageTypeSpecifier)</code> and defaults
598 to the <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> of the image being written.
599 </li>
600 </ul>
601
602 <h3><a id="MetadataIssuesWrite">Metadata Issues</a></h3>
603
604 Some behavior of the writer is affected by or may affect the contents of
605 the image metadata which may be supplied by the user.
606
607 <p>For bilevel images, the <code>FillOrder</code>, and <code>T4Options</code>
608 fields affect the output data. The data will be filled right-to-left if
609 <code>FillOrder</code> is present with a value of 2
610 (<code>BaselineTIFFTagSet.FILL_ORDER_RIGHT_TO_LEFT</code>)
611 and will be filled left-to-right otherwise. The value of <code>T4Options</code>
612 specifies whether the data should be 1D- or 2D-encoded and whether EOL
613 padding should be used.</p>
614
615 <p>For all images the value of the <code>RowsPerStrip</code> field is used
616 to the set the number of rows per strip if the image is not tiled. The
617 default number of rows per strip is either 8 or the number of rows which
618 would fill no more than 8 kilobytes, whichever is larger.</p>
619
620 <p>For all images the tile dimensions may be set using the <code>TileWidth</code>
621 and <code>TileLength</code> field values if the tiling mode is
622 <code>ImageWriteParam.MODE_COPY_FROM_METADATA</code>. If this mode
623 is set but the fields are not, their respective default values are the image
624 width and height.</p>
625
626 <p>When using JPEG-in-TIFF compression, a <code>JPEGTables</code> field will be
627 written to the IFD and abbreviated JPEG streams to each strip or tile if and
628 only if a <code>JPEGTables</code> field is contained in the metadata object
629 provided to the writer. If the contents of the <code>JPEGTables</code> field is
630 a valid tables-only JPEG stream, then it will be used; otherwise the contents
631 of the field will be replaced with default visually lossless tables. If no
632 such <code>JPEGTables</code> field is present in the metadata, then no
633 <code>JPEGTables</code> field will be written to the output and each strip or
634 tile will be written as a separate, self-contained JPEG stream.</p>
635
636 <p>When using Deflate/ZLib or LZW compression, if the image has 8 bits per
637 sample, a horizontal differencing predictor will be used if the
638 <code>Predictor</code> field is present with a value of 2
639 (<code>BaselineTIFFTagSet.PREDICTOR_HORIZONTAL_DIFFERENCING</code>).
640 If prediction is so requested but the image does not have
641 8 bits per sample the field will be reset to have the value 1
642 (<code>BaselineTIFFTagSet.PREDICTOR_NONE</code>).
643 </p>
644
645 <p>Some fields may be added or modified:
646
647 <ul>
648 <li><code>PhotometricInterpretation</code> if not present.</li>
649 <li><code>PlanarConfiguration</code> if this field is present with value
650 <code>Planar</code> is is reset to <code>Chunky</code>.</li>
651 <li><code>Compression</code> always.</li>
652 <li><code>BitsPerSample</code> if the image is not bilevel.</li>
653 <li><code>SamplesPerPixel</code> always.</li>
654 <li><code>ExtraSamples</code> if an alpha channel is present.</li>
655 <li><code>SampleFormat</code> if not present and the data are 16- or 32-bit
656 integers or floating point.</li>
657 <li><code>ColorMap</code> if the <code>PhotometricInterpretation</code> is
658 <code>RGBPalette</code>.</li>
659 <li><code>ImageWidth</code> and <code>ImageLength</code> always.</li>
660 <li><code>TileWidth</code>, <code>TileLength</code>, <code>TileOffsets</code>, and
661 <code>TileByteCounts</code> if a tiled image is being written.</li>
662 <li><code>RowsPerStrip</code>, <code>StripOffsets</code>, and <code>StripByteCounts</code>
663 if a tiled image is <i>not</i> being written.</li>
664 <li><code>XResolution</code>, <code>YResolution</code>, and <code>ResolutionUnit</code>
665 if none of these is present.</li>
666 <li><code>YCbCrSubsampling</code> and <code>YCbCrPositioning</code> if the
667 photometric interpretation is YCbCr and the compression type is not JPEG
668 (only [1, 1] subsampling and cosited positioning are supported for
669 non-JPEG YCbCr output).</li>
670 <li><code>YCbCrSubsampling</code>, <code>YCbCrPositioning</code>, and
671 <code>ReferenceBlackWhite</code>: if the compression type is JPEG and the color
672 space is RGB these will be reset to [2, 2] centered subsampling with no
673 headroom/footroom (0:255,128:255,128:255).</li>
674 </ul>
675
676 <p>Some fields may be removed:
677
678 <ul>
679 <li><code>BitsPerSample</code> if the image is bilevel.</li>
680 <li><code>ExtraSamples</code> if the image does not have an alpha channel.</li>
681 <li><code>ColorMap</code> if the photometric interpretation is not
682 <code>RGBPalette</code>.</li>
683 <li><code>TileWidth</code>, <code>TileLength</code>, <code>TileOffsets</code>, and
684 <code>TileByteCounts</code> if tiling <i>is not</i> being used.</li>
685 <li><code>RowsPerStrip</code>, <code>StripOffsets</code>, and <code>StripByteCounts</code>
686 if tiling <i>is</i> being used.</li>
687 <li><code>YCbCrSubsampling</code>, <code>YCbCrPositioning</code>, and
688 <code>ReferenceBlackWhite</code> if the compression type is JPEG and the
689 color space is grayscale.</li>
690 <li><code>JPEGProc</code>, <code>JPEGInterchangeFormat</code>,
691 <code>JPEGInterchangeFormatLength</code>, <code>JPEGRestartInterval</code>,
692 <code>JPEGLosslessPredictors</code>, <code>JPEGPointTransforms</code>,
693 <code>JPEGQTables</code>, <code>JPEGDCTables</code>, and
694 <code>JPEGACTables</code> if the compression type is JPEG.</li>
695 </ul>
696
697 <p>Other fields present in the supplied metadata are uninterpreted and will
698 be written as supplied.</p>
699
700 <p>If an Exif image is being written, the set of fields present and their
701 values will be modified such that the result is in accord with the Exif 2.2
702 specification.</p>
703
704 <p>Setting up the image metadata to write to a TIFF stream may be simplified
705 by using the <code>TIFFDirectory</code> class
706 which represents a TIFF IFD. A field in a TIFF IFD is represented by an
707 instance of <a href="../../plugins/tiff/TIFFField.html">TIFFField</a>. For each
708 field to be written a <code>TIFFField</code> may be added to the
709 <code>TIFFDirectory</code> and the latter converted to an
710 <code>IIOMetadata</code> object by invoking
711 <code>TIFFDirectory.getAsMetadata</code>. The
712 <code>IIOMetadata</code> object so obtained may then be passed to the TIFF
713 writer.</p>
714
715 <h4><a id="MapStandardNative"></a>
716 Mapping of the Standard Metadata Format to TIFF Native Image Metadata</h4>
717
718 The derivation of <a href="#ImageMetadata">TIFF native image metadata</a>
719 elements from the standard metadata format
720 <a href="standard_metadata.html">javax_imageio_1.0</a> is
721 given in the following table.
722
723 <table border="1">
724 <tr>
725 <th>TIFF Field</th>
726 <th>Derivation from Standard Metadata Elements</th>
727 </tr>
728 <tr>
729 <td>
730 PhotometricInterpretation
731 </td>
732 <td>/Chroma/ColorSpaceType@name: "GRAY" and /Chroma/BlackIsZero@value = "FALSE"
733 => WhiteIsZero; "GRAY" and /Document/SubimageInterpretation@value =
734 "TransparencyMask" => TransparencyMask; "RGB" and /Chroma/Palette present =>
735 PaletteColor; "GRAY" => BlackIsZero; "RGB" => RGB; "YCbCr" => YCbCr;
736 "CMYK" => CMYK; "Lab" => CIELab.</td>
737 </tr>
738 <tr>
739 <td>SamplesPerPixel</td>
740 <td>/Chroma/NumChannels@value</td>
741 </tr>
742 <tr>
743 <td>ColorMap</td>
744 <td>/Chroma/Palette</td>
745 </tr>
746 <tr>
747 <td>Compression</td>
748 <td>/Compression/CompressionTypeName@value: "none" => Uncompressed;
749 "CCITT RLE" => CCITT 1D; "CCITT T.4" => Group 3 Fax; "CCITT T.6" => Group 4
750 Fax; "LZW" => LZW; "Old JPEG" => JPEG; "JPEG" => New JPEG; "ZLib" => ZLib;
751 "PackBits" => PackBits; "Deflate" => Deflate.</td>
752 </tr>
753 <tr>
754 <td>PlanarConfiguration</td>
755 <td>/Data/PlanarConfiguration@value: "PixelInterleaved" => Chunky;
756 "PlaneInterleaved" => Planar.</td>
757 </tr>
758 <tr>
759 <td>SampleFormat</td>
760 <td>/Data/SampleFormat@value: "SignedIntegral" => two's complement signed
761 integer data; "UnsignedIntegral" => unsigned integer data; "Real" =>
762 IEEE floating point data; "Index" => unsigned integer data.
763 </td>
764 </tr>
765 <tr>
766 <td>BitsPerSample</td>
767 <td>/Data/BitsPerSample@value: space-separated list parsed to char array.</td>
768 </tr>
769 <tr>
770 <td>FillOrder</td>
771 <td>/Data/SampleMSB@value: if all values in space-separated list are 0s =>
772 right-to-left; otherwise => left-to-right.
773 </td>
774 </tr>
775 <tr>
776 <td>XResolution</td>
777 <td>(10 / /Dimension/HorizontalPixelSize@value) or
778 (10 / (/Dimension/VerticalPixelSize@value *
779 /Dimension/PixelAspectRatio@value))</td>
780 </tr>
781 <tr>
782 <td>YResolution</td>
783 <td>(10 / /Dimension/VerticalPixelSize@value) or
784 (10 / (/Dimension/HorizontalPixelSize@value /
785 /Dimension/PixelAspectRatio@value))</td>
786 </tr>
787 <tr>
788 <td>ResolutionUnit</td>
789 <td>Centimeter if XResolution or YResolution set; otherwise None.</td>
790 </tr>
791 <tr>
792 <td>Orientation</td>
793 <td>/Dimension/ImageOrientation@value</td>
794 </tr>
795 <tr>
796 <td>XPosition</td>
797 <td>/Dimension/HorizontalPosition@value / 10</td>
798 </tr>
799 <tr>
800 <td>YPosition</td>
801 <td>/Dimension/VerticalPosition@value / 10</td>
802 </tr>
803 <tr>
804 <td>NewSubFileType</td>
805 <td>/Document/SubimageInterpretation@value: "TransparencyMask" =>
806 transparency mask; "ReducedResolution" => reduced-resolution;
807 "SinglePage" => single page.</td>
808 </tr>
809 <tr>
810 <td>DateTime</td>
811 <td>/Document/ImageCreationTime@value</td>
812 </tr>
813 <tr>
814 <td>DocumentName, ImageDescription, Make, Model, PageName, Software,
815 Artist, HostComputer, InkNames, Copyright</td>
816 <td>/Text/TextEntry: if /Text/TextEntry@keyword is the name of any of the
817 TIFF Fields, e.g., "Software", then the field is added with content
818 /Text/TextEntry@value and count 1.</td>
819 </tr>
820 <tr>
821 <td>ExtraSamples</td>
822 <td>/Transparency/Alpha@value: "premultiplied" => associated alpha, count 1;
823 "nonpremultiplied" => unassociated alpha, count 1.</td>
824 </tr>
825 <tr>
826 <td></td>
827 <td></td>
828 </tr>
829 </table>
830
831 <h3><a id="ExifWrite">Writing Exif Images</a></h3>
832
833 The TIFF writer may be used to write an uncompressed Exif image or the
834 contents of the <code>APP1</code> marker segment of a compressed Exif image.
835
836 <h4><a id="ExifWriteTIFF">Writing Uncompressed Exif Images</a></h4>
837
838 When writing a sequence of images each image is normally recorded as
839 {IFD, IFD Value, Image Data}. The Exif specification requires
840 that an uncompressed Exif image be structured as follows:
841
842 <a id="ExifStructure"></a>
843 <ol>
844 <li>Image File Header</li>
845 <li>Primary IFD</li>
846 <li>Primary IFD Value</li>
847 <li>Thumbnail IFD</li>
848 <li>Thumbnail IFD Value</li>
849 <li>Thumbnail Image Data</li>
850 <li>Primary Image Data</li>
851 </ol>
852
853 To meet the requirement of the primary image data being recorded last, the
854 primary image must be written initially as an empty image and have its data
855 added via pixel replacement after the thumbnail IFD and image data have been
856 written:
857
858 <pre><code>
859 ImageWriter tiffWriter;
860 ImageWriteParam tiffWriteParam;
861 IIOMetadata tiffStreamMetadata;
862 IIOMetadata primaryIFD;
863 BufferedImage image;
864 BufferedImage thumbnail;
865
866 // Specify uncompressed output.
867 tiffWriteParam.setCompressionMode(ImageWriteParam.MODE_DISABLED);
868
869 if (thumbnail != null) {
870 // Write the TIFF header.
871 tiffWriter.prepareWriteSequence(tiffStreamMetadata);
872
873 // Append the primary IFD.
874 tiffWriter.prepareInsertEmpty(-1, // append
875 new ImageTypeSpecifier(image),
876 image.getWidth(),
877 image.getHeight(),
878 primaryIFD,
879 null, // thumbnails
880 tiffWriteParam);
881 tiffWriter.endInsertEmpty();
882
883 // Append the thumbnail image data.
884 tiffWriter.writeToSequence(new IIOImage(thumbnail, null, null),
885 tiffWriteParam);
886
887 // Insert the primary image data.
888 tiffWriter.prepareReplacePixels(0, new Rectangle(image.getWidth(),
889 image.getHeight()));
890 tiffWriter.replacePixels(image, tiffWriteParam);
891 tiffWriter.endReplacePixels();
892
893 // End writing.
894 tiffWriter.endWriteSequence();
895 } else {
896 // Write only the primary IFD and image data.
897 tiffWriter.write(tiffStreamMetadata,
898 new IIOImage(image, null, primaryIFD),
899 tiffWriteParam);
900 }
901 </code></pre>
902
903 <h4><a id="ExifWriteJPEG">Writing Compressed Exif Images</a></h4>
904
905 The structure of the embedded TIFF stream in the <code>APP1</code> segment of a
906 compressed Exif image is identical to the <a href="#ExifStructure">
907 uncompressed Exif image structure</a> except that there are no primary
908 image data, i.e., the primary IFD does not refer to any image data.
909
910 <pre><code>
911 ImageWriter tiffWriter;
912 ImageWriteParam tiffWriteParam;
913 IIOMetadata tiffStreamMetadata;
914 BufferedImage image;
915 BufferedImage thumbnail;
916 IIOMetadata primaryIFD;
917 ImageOutputStream output;
918
919 // Set up an output to contain the APP1 Exif TIFF stream.
920 ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
921 MemoryCacheImageOutputStream app1ExifOutput =
922 new MemoryCacheImageOutputStream(baos);
923 tiffWriter.setOutput(app1ExifOutput);
924
925 // Set compression for the thumbnail.
926 tiffWriteParam.setCompressionMode(ImageWriteParam.MODE_EXPLICIT);
927 tiffWriteParam.setCompressionType("Exif JPEG");
928
929 // Write the APP1 Exif TIFF stream.
930 if (thumbnail != null) {
931 // Write the TIFF header.
932 tiffWriter.prepareWriteSequence(tiffStreamMetadata);
933
934 // Append the primary IFD.
935 tiffWriter.prepareInsertEmpty(-1, // append
936 new ImageTypeSpecifier(image),
937 image.getWidth(),
938 image.getHeight(),
939 primaryIFD,
940 null, // thumbnails
941 tiffWriteParam);
942 tiffWriter.endInsertEmpty();
943
944 // Append the thumbnail IFD and image data.
945 tiffWriter.writeToSequence(new IIOImage(thumbnail, null,
946 null), tiffWriteParam);
947
948 // End writing.
949 tiffWriter.endWriteSequence();
950 } else {
951 // Write only the primary IFD.
952 tiffWriter.prepareWriteEmpty(tiffStreamMetadata,
953 new ImageTypeSpecifier(image),
954 image.getWidth(),
955 image.getHeight(),
956 primaryIFD,
957 null, // thumbnails
958 tiffWriteParam);
959 tiffWriter.endWriteEmpty();
960 }
961
962 // Flush data into byte stream.
963 app1ExifOutput.flush();
964
965 // Create APP1 parameter array.
966 byte[] app1Parameters = new byte[6 + baos.size()];
967
968 // Add APP1 Exif ID bytes.
969 app1Parameters[0] = (byte) 'E';
970 app1Parameters[1] = (byte) 'x';
971 app1Parameters[2] = (byte) 'i';
972 app1Parameters[3] = (byte) 'f';
973 app1Parameters[4] = app1Parameters[5] = (byte) 0;
974
975 // Append TIFF stream to APP1 parameters.
976 System.arraycopy(baos.toByteArray(), 0, app1Parameters, 6, baos.size());
977
978 // Create the APP1 Exif node to be added to native JPEG image metadata.
979 IIOMetadataNode app1Node = new IIOMetadataNode("unknown");
980 app1Node.setAttribute("MarkerTag", String.valueOf(0xE1));
981 app1Node.setUserObject(app1Parameters);
982
983 // Append the APP1 Exif marker to the "markerSequence" node.
984 IIOMetadata jpegImageMetadata =
985 jpegWriter.getDefaultImageMetadata(new ImageTypeSpecifier(image),
986 jpegWriteParam);
987 String nativeFormat = jpegImageMetadata.getNativeMetadataFormatName();
988 Node tree = jpegImageMetadata.getAsTree(nativeFormat);
989 NodeList children = tree.getChildNodes();
990 int numChildren = children.getLength();
991 for (int i = 0; i < numChildren; i++) {
992 Node child = children.item(i);
993 if (child.getNodeName().equals("markerSequence")) {
994 child.appendChild(app1Node);
995 break;
996 }
997 }
998 jpegImageMetadata.setFromTree(nativeFormat, tree);
999
1000 // Write the JPEG image data including the APP1 Exif marker.
1001 jpegWriter.setOutput(output);
1002 jpegWriter.write(new IIOImage(image, null, jpegImageMetadata));
1003 </code></pre>
1004
1005 The <code>"unknown"</code> node created above would be appended to the
1006 <code>"markerSequence"</code> node of the native JPEG image metadata
1007 and written to the JPEG stream when the primary image is written using
1008 the JPEG writer.
1009
1010 <h2><a id="StreamMetadata">Stream Metadata</a></h2>
1011
1012 The DTD for the TIFF native stream metadata format is as follows:
1013
1014 <pre>
1015 <!DOCTYPE "javax_imageio_tiff_stream_1.0" [
1016
1017 <!ELEMENT "javax_imageio_tiff_stream_1.0" (ByteOrder)>
1018
1019 <!ELEMENT "ByteOrder" EMPTY>
1020 <!-- The stream byte order -->
1021 <!ATTLIST "ByteOrder" "value" #CDATA #REQUIRED>
1022 <!-- One of "BIG_ENDIAN" or "LITTLE_ENDIAN" -->
1023 <!-- Data type: String -->
1024 ]>
1025 </pre>
1026
1027 <h2><a id="ImageMetadata">Image Metadata</a></h2>
1028
1029 The DTD for the TIFF native image metadata format is as follows:
1030
1031 <pre>
1032 <!DOCTYPE "javax_imageio_tiff_image_1.0" [
1033
1034 <!ELEMENT "javax_imageio_tiff_image_1.0" (TIFFIFD)*>
1035
1036 <!ELEMENT "TIFFIFD" (TIFFField | TIFFIFD)*>
1037 <!-- An IFD (directory) containing fields -->
1038 <!ATTLIST "TIFFIFD" "tagSets" #CDATA #REQUIRED>
1039 <!-- Data type: String -->
1040 <!ATTLIST "TIFFIFD" "parentTagNumber" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1041 <!-- The tag number of the field pointing to this IFD -->
1042 <!-- Data type: Integer -->
1043 <!ATTLIST "TIFFIFD" "parentTagName" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1044 <!-- A mnemonic name for the field pointing to this IFD, if known
1045 -->
1046 <!-- Data type: String -->
1047
1048 <!ELEMENT "TIFFField" (TIFFBytes | TIFFAsciis |
1049 TIFFShorts | TIFFSShorts | TIFFLongs | TIFFSLongs |
1050 TIFFRationals | TIFFSRationals |
1051 TIFFFloats | TIFFDoubles | TIFFUndefined)>
1052 <!-- A field containing data -->
1053 <!ATTLIST "TIFFField" "number" #CDATA #REQUIRED>
1054 <!-- The tag number asociated with the field -->
1055 <!-- Data type: String -->
1056 <!ATTLIST "TIFFField" "name" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1057 <!-- A mnemonic name associated with the field, if known -->
1058 <!-- Data type: String -->
1059
1060 <!ELEMENT "TIFFBytes" (TIFFByte)*>
1061 <!-- A sequence of TIFFByte nodes -->
1062
1063 <!ELEMENT "TIFFByte" EMPTY>
1064 <!-- An integral value between 0 and 255 -->
1065 <!ATTLIST "TIFFByte" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1066 <!-- The value -->
1067 <!-- Data type: String -->
1068 <!ATTLIST "TIFFByte" "description" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1069 <!-- A description, if available -->
1070 <!-- Data type: String -->
1071
1072 <!ELEMENT "TIFFAsciis" (TIFFAscii)*>
1073 <!-- A sequence of TIFFAscii nodes -->
1074
1075 <!ELEMENT "TIFFAscii" EMPTY>
1076 <!-- A String value -->
1077 <!ATTLIST "TIFFAscii" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1078 <!-- The value -->
1079 <!-- Data type: String -->
1080
1081 <!ELEMENT "TIFFShorts" (TIFFShort)*>
1082 <!-- A sequence of TIFFShort nodes -->
1083
1084 <!ELEMENT "TIFFShort" EMPTY>
1085 <!-- An integral value between 0 and 65535 -->
1086 <!ATTLIST "TIFFShort" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1087 <!-- The value -->
1088 <!-- Data type: String -->
1089 <!ATTLIST "TIFFShort" "description" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1090 <!-- A description, if available -->
1091 <!-- Data type: String -->
1092
1093 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSShorts" (TIFFSShort)*>
1094 <!-- A sequence of TIFFSShort nodes -->
1095
1096 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSShort" EMPTY>
1097 <!-- An integral value between -32768 and 32767 -->
1098 <!ATTLIST "TIFFSShort" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1099 <!-- The value -->
1100 <!-- Data type: String -->
1101 <!ATTLIST "TIFFSShort" "description" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1102 <!-- A description, if available -->
1103 <!-- Data type: String -->
1104
1105 <!ELEMENT "TIFFLongs" (TIFFLong)*>
1106 <!-- A sequence of TIFFLong nodes -->
1107
1108 <!ELEMENT "TIFFLong" EMPTY>
1109 <!-- An integral value between 0 and 4294967295 -->
1110 <!ATTLIST "TIFFLong" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1111 <!-- The value -->
1112 <!-- Data type: String -->
1113 <!ATTLIST "TIFFLong" "description" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1114 <!-- A description, if available -->
1115 <!-- Data type: String -->
1116
1117 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSLongs" (TIFFSLong)*>
1118 <!-- A sequence of TIFFSLong nodes -->
1119
1120 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSLong" EMPTY>
1121 <!-- An integral value between -2147483648 and 2147482647 -->
1122 <!ATTLIST "TIFFSLong" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1123 <!-- The value -->
1124 <!-- Data type: String -->
1125 <!ATTLIST "TIFFSLong" "description" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1126 <!-- A description, if available -->
1127 <!-- Data type: String -->
1128
1129 <!ELEMENT "TIFFRationals" (TIFFRational)*>
1130 <!-- A sequence of TIFFRational nodes -->
1131
1132 <!ELEMENT "TIFFRational" EMPTY>
1133 <!-- A rational value consisting of an unsigned numerator and
1134 denominator -->
1135 <!ATTLIST "TIFFRational" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1136 <!-- The numerator and denominator, separated by a slash -->
1137 <!-- Data type: String -->
1138
1139 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSRationals" (TIFFSRational)*>
1140 <!-- A sequence of TIFFSRational nodes -->
1141
1142 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSRational" EMPTY>
1143 <!-- A rational value consisting of a signed numerator and
1144 denominator -->
1145 <!ATTLIST "TIFFSRational" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1146 <!-- The numerator and denominator, separated by a slash -->
1147 <!-- Data type: String -->
1148
1149 <!ELEMENT "TIFFFloats" (TIFFFloat)*>
1150 <!-- A sequence of TIFFFloat nodes -->
1151
1152 <!ELEMENT "TIFFFloat" EMPTY>
1153 <!-- A single-precision floating-point value -->
1154 <!ATTLIST "TIFFFloat" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1155 <!-- The value -->
1156 <!-- Data type: String -->
1157
1158 <!ELEMENT "TIFFDoubles" (TIFFDouble)*>
1159 <!-- A sequence of TIFFDouble nodes -->
1160
1161 <!ELEMENT "TIFFDouble" EMPTY>
1162 <!-- A double-precision floating-point value -->
1163 <!ATTLIST "TIFFDouble" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1164 <!-- The value -->
1165 <!-- Data type: String -->
1166
1167 <!ELEMENT "TIFFUndefined" EMPTY>
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