- Type Parameters:
T
- the result type of tasks executed in the task scope
- All Implemented Interfaces:
AutoCloseable
- Direct Known Subclasses:
StructuredTaskScope.ShutdownOnFailurePREVIEW
,StructuredTaskScope.ShutdownOnSuccessPREVIEW
StructuredTaskScope
is a preview API of the Java platform.
StructuredTaskScope
supports
cases where a task splits into several concurrent subtasks, and where the subtasks must
complete before the main task continues. A StructuredTaskScope
can be used to
ensure that the lifetime of a concurrent operation is confined by a syntax block,
just like that of a sequential operation in structured programming.
Basic operation
AStructuredTaskScope
is created with one of its public constructors. It defines
the fork
method to start a thread to execute a subtask, the join
method to wait for all subtasks to finish, and the close
method to close the task scope. The API is intended to be used with the
try-with-resources
statement. The intention is that code in the try block
uses the fork
method to fork threads to execute the subtasks, wait for the
subtasks to finish with the join
method, and then process the results.
A call to the fork
method returns a Subtask
PREVIEW to representing
the forked subtask. Once join
is called, the Subtask
can be
used to get the result completed successfully, or the exception if the subtask failed.
Callable<String> task1 = ...
Callable<Integer> task2 = ...
try (var scope = new StructuredTaskScope<Object>()) {
Subtask<String> subtask1 = scope.fork(task1);
Subtask<Integer> subtask2 = scope.fork(task2);
scope.join();
... process results/exceptions ...
} // close
The following example forks a collection of homogeneous subtasks, waits for all of
them to complete with the join
method, and uses the Subtask.State
PREVIEW to partition the subtasks into a set of the subtasks that completed
successfully and another for the subtasks that failed.
List<Callable<String>> callables = ...
try (var scope = new StructuredTaskScope<String>()) {
List<Subtask<String>> subtasks = callables.stream().map(scope::fork).toList();
scope.join();
Map<Boolean, Set<Subtask<String>>> map = subtasks.stream()
.collect(Collectors.partitioningBy(h -> h.state() == Subtask.State.SUCCESS,
Collectors.toSet()));
} // close
To ensure correct usage, the join
and close
methods may only be
invoked by the owner (the thread that opened/created the task scope), and the
close
method throws an exception after closing if the owner did not invoke the
join
method after forking.
StructuredTaskScope
defines the shutdown
method to shut
down a task scope without closing it. The shutdown()
method cancels all
unfinished subtasks by interrupting the threads. It
prevents new threads from starting in the task scope. If the owner is waiting in the
join
method then it will wakeup.
Shutdown is used for short-circuiting and allow subclasses to implement policy that does not require all subtasks to finish.
Subclasses with policies for common cases
Two subclasses ofStructuredTaskScope
are defined to implement policy for
common cases:
-
ShutdownOnSuccess
PREVIEW captures the result of the first subtask to complete successfully. Once captured, it shuts down the task scope to interrupt unfinished threads and wakeup the owner. This class is intended for cases where the result of any subtask will do ("invoke any") and where there is no need to wait for results of other unfinished subtasks. It defines methods to get the first result or throw an exception if all subtasks fail. -
ShutdownOnFailure
PREVIEW captures the exception of the first subtask to fail. Once captured, it shuts down the task scope to interrupt unfinished threads and wakeup the owner. This class is intended for cases where the results of all subtasks are required ("invoke all"); if any subtask fails then the results of other unfinished subtasks are no longer needed. If defines methods to throw an exception if any of the subtasks fail.
The following are two examples that use the two classes. In both cases, a pair of
subtasks are forked to fetch resources from two URL locations "left" and "right". The
first example creates a ShutdownOnSuccess object to capture the result of the first
subtask to complete successfully, cancelling the other by way of shutting down the task
scope. The main task waits in join
until either subtask completes with a result
or both subtasks fail. It invokes result(Function)
PREVIEW method to get the captured result. If both subtasks fail then this
method throws a WebApplicationException
with the exception from one of the
subtasks as the cause.
try (var scope = new StructuredTaskScope.ShutdownOnSuccess<String>()) {
scope.fork(() -> fetch(left));
scope.fork(() -> fetch(right));
scope.join();
String result = scope.result
(e -> new WebApplicationException(e));
...
}
joinUntil(Instant)
until both subtasks complete with a
result, either fails, or a deadline is reached. It invokes throwIfFailed(Function)
PREVIEW to throw an exception
if either subtask fails. This method is a no-op if both subtasks complete successfully.
The example uses Supplier.get()
to get the result of each subtask. Using
Supplier
instead of Subtask
is preferred for common cases where the
object returned by fork is only used to get the result of a subtask that completed
successfully.
Instant deadline = ...
try (var scope = new StructuredTaskScope.ShutdownOnFailure()) {
Supplier<String> supplier1 = scope.fork(() -> query(left));
Supplier<String> supplier2 = scope.fork(() -> query(right));
scope.joinUntil(deadline);
scope.throwIfFailed
(e -> new WebApplicationException(e));
// both subtasks completed successfully
String result = Stream.of(supplier1, supplier2)
.map(Supplier::get)
.collect(Collectors.joining(", ", "{ ", " }"));
...
}
Extending StructuredTaskScope
StructuredTaskScope
can be extended, and the handleComplete
method overridden, to implement policies other than those implemented
by ShutdownOnSuccess
and ShutdownOnFailure
. A subclass may, for example,
collect the results of subtasks that complete successfully and ignore subtasks that
fail. It may collect exceptions when subtasks fail. It may invoke the shutdown
method to shut down and cause join
to wakeup when some
condition arises.
A subclass will typically define methods to make available results, state, or other
outcome to code that executes after the join
method. A subclass that collects
results and ignores subtasks that fail may define a method that returns the results.
A subclass that implements a policy to shut down when a subtask fails may define a
method to get the exception of the first subtask to fail.
The following is an example of a simple StructuredTaskScope
implementation
that collects homogenous subtasks that complete successfully. It defines the method
"completedSuccessfully()
" that the main task can invoke after it joins.
class CollectingScope<T> extends StructuredTaskScope<T> {
private final Queue<Subtask<? extends T>> subtasks = new LinkedTransferQueue<>();
@Override
protected void handleComplete(Subtask<? extends T> subtask) {
if (subtask.state() == Subtask.State.SUCCESS) {
subtasks.add(subtask);
}
}
@Override
public CollectingScope<T> join() throws InterruptedException {
super.join();
return this;
}
public Stream<Subtask<? extends T>> completedSuccessfully() {
super.ensureOwnerAndJoined
();
return subtasks.stream();
}
}
The implementations of the completedSuccessfully()
method in the example
invokes ensureOwnerAndJoined()
to ensure that the method can only be invoked
by the owner thread and only after it has joined.
Tree structure
Task scopes form a tree where parent-child relations are established implicitly when opening a new task scope:- A parent-child relation is established when a thread started in a task scope opens its own task scope. A thread started in task scope "A" that opens task scope "B" establishes a parent-child relation where task scope "A" is the parent of task scope "B".
- A parent-child relation is established with nesting. If a thread opens task scope "B", then opens task scope "C" (before it closes "B"), then the enclosing task scope "B" is the parent of the nested task scope "C".
The tree structure supports:
- Inheritance of scoped valuesPREVIEW across threads.
- Confinement checks. The phrase "threads contained in the task scope" in method descriptions means threads started in the task scope or descendant scopes.
The following example demonstrates the inheritance of a scoped value. A scoped
value USERNAME
is bound to the value "duke
". A StructuredTaskScope
is created and its fork
method invoked to start a thread to execute
childTask
. The thread inherits the scoped value bindings captured when
creating the task scope. The code in childTask
uses the value of the scoped
value and so reads the value "duke
".
private static final ScopedValue<String> USERNAME = ScopedValue.newInstance();
ScopedValue.runWhere
(USERNAME, "duke", () -> {
try (var scope = new StructuredTaskScope<String>()) {
scope.fork(() -> childTask());
...
}
});
...
String childTask() {
String name = USERNAME.get
(); // "duke"
...
}
StructuredTaskScope
does not define APIs that exposes the tree structure
at this time.
Unless otherwise specified, passing a null
argument to a constructor
or method in this class will cause a NullPointerException
to be thrown.
Memory consistency effects
Actions in the owner thread of, or a thread contained in, the task scope prior to forking of a subtask happen-before any actions taken by that subtask, which in turn happen-before the subtask result is retrievedPREVIEW or happen-before any actions taken in a thread after joining of the task scope.
- See Java Language Specification:
-
17.4.5 Happens-before Order
- Since:
- 21
-
Nested Class Summary
Modifier and TypeClassDescriptionstatic final class
static final class
Preview.AStructuredTaskScope
that captures the result of the first subtask to complete successfullyPREVIEW.static interface
Preview.Represents a subtask forked withfork(Callable)
. -
Constructor Summary
ConstructorDescriptionCreates an unnamed structured task scope that creates virtual threads.StructuredTaskScope
(String name, ThreadFactory factory) Creates a structured task scope with the given name and thread factory. -
Method Summary
Modifier and TypeMethodDescriptionvoid
close()
Closes this task scope.protected final void
Ensures that the current thread is the owner of this task scope and that it joined (withjoin()
orjoinUntil(Instant)
) after forking subtasks.<U extends T>
StructuredTaskScope.SubtaskPREVIEW<U> Starts a new thread in this task scope to execute a value-returning task, thus creating a subtask of this task scope.protected void
handleComplete
(StructuredTaskScope.SubtaskPREVIEW<? extends T> subtask) Invoked by a subtask when it completes successfully or fails in this task scope.final boolean
Returns true if this task scope is shutdown, otherwise false.join()
Wait for all subtasks started in this task scope to finish or the task scope to shut down.Wait for all subtasks started in this task scope to finish or the task scope to shut down, up to the given deadline.void
shutdown()
Shut down this task scope without closing it.
-
Constructor Details
-
StructuredTaskScope
Creates a structured task scope with the given name and thread factory. The task scope is optionally named for the purposes of monitoring and management. The thread factory is used tocreate
threads when subtasks are forked. The task scope is owned by the current thread.Construction captures the current thread's scoped valuePREVIEW bindings for inheritance by threads started in the task scope. The Tree Structure section in the class description details how parent-child relations are established implicitly for the purpose of inheritance of scoped value bindings.
- Parameters:
name
- the name of the task scope, can be nullfactory
- the thread factory
-
StructuredTaskScope
public StructuredTaskScope()Creates an unnamed structured task scope that creates virtual threads. The task scope is owned by the current thread.- Implementation Requirements:
- This constructor is equivalent to invoking the 2-arg constructor with a
name of
null
and a thread factory that creates virtual threads.
-
-
Method Details
-
ensureOwnerAndJoined
protected final void ensureOwnerAndJoined()Ensures that the current thread is the owner of this task scope and that it joined (withjoin()
orjoinUntil(Instant)
) after forking subtasks.- API Note:
- This method can be used by subclasses that define methods to make available results, state, or other outcome to code intended to execute after the join method.
- Throws:
WrongThreadException
- if the current thread is not the task scope ownerIllegalStateException
- if the task scope is open and task scope owner did not join after forking
-
handleComplete
Invoked by a subtask when it completes successfully or fails in this task scope. This method is not invoked if a subtask completes after the task scope is shut down.- API Note:
- The
handleComplete
method should be thread safe. It may be invoked by several threads concurrently. - Implementation Requirements:
- The default implementation throws
NullPointerException
if the subtask isnull
. It throwsIllegalArgumentException
if the subtask has not completed. - Parameters:
subtask
- the subtask- Throws:
IllegalArgumentException
- if called with a subtask that has not completed
-
fork
Starts a new thread in this task scope to execute a value-returning task, thus creating a subtask of this task scope.The value-returning task is provided to this method as a
Callable
, the thread executes the task'scall
method. The thread is created with the task scope'sThreadFactory
. It inherits the current thread's scoped valuePREVIEW bindings. The bindings must match the bindings captured when the task scope was created.This method returns a
Subtask
PREVIEW to represent the forked subtask. TheSubtask
object can be used to obtain the result when the subtask completes successfully, or the exception when the subtask fails. To ensure correct usage, theget()
PREVIEW andexception()
PREVIEW methods may only be called by the task scope owner after it has waited for all threads to finish with thejoin
orjoinUntil(Instant)
methods. When the subtask completes, the thread invokes thehandleComplete
method to consume the completed subtask. If the task scope is shut down before the subtask completes then thehandleComplete
method will not be invoked.If this task scope is shutdown (or in the process of shutting down) then the subtask will not run and the
handleComplete
method will not be invoked.This method may only be invoked by the task scope owner or threads contained in the task scope.
- Implementation Requirements:
- This method may be overridden for customization purposes, wrapping tasks
for example. If overridden, the subclass must invoke
super.fork
to start a new thread in this task scope. - Type Parameters:
U
- the result type- Parameters:
task
- the value-returning task for the thread to execute- Returns:
- the subtask
- Throws:
IllegalStateException
- if this task scope is closedWrongThreadException
- if the current thread is not the task scope owner or a thread contained in the task scopeStructureViolationExceptionPREVIEW
- if the current scoped value bindings are not the same as when the task scope was createdRejectedExecutionException
- if the thread factory rejected creating a thread to run the subtask
-
join
Wait for all subtasks started in this task scope to finish or the task scope to shut down.This method waits for all subtasks by waiting for all threads started in this task scope to finish execution. It stops waiting when all threads finish, the task scope is shut down, or the current thread is interrupted.
This method may only be invoked by the task scope owner.
- Implementation Requirements:
- This method may be overridden for customization purposes or to return a
more specific return type. If overridden, the subclass must invoke
super.join
to ensure that the method waits for threads in this task scope to finish. - Returns:
- this task scope
- Throws:
IllegalStateException
- if this task scope is closedWrongThreadException
- if the current thread is not the task scope ownerInterruptedException
- if interrupted while waiting
-
joinUntil
public StructuredTaskScopePREVIEW<T> joinUntil(Instant deadline) throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException Wait for all subtasks started in this task scope to finish or the task scope to shut down, up to the given deadline.This method waits for all subtasks by waiting for all threads started in this task scope to finish execution. It stops waiting when all threads finish, the task scope is shut down, the deadline is reached, or the current thread is interrupted.
This method may only be invoked by the task scope owner.
- Implementation Requirements:
- This method may be overridden for customization purposes or to return a
more specific return type. If overridden, the subclass must invoke
super.joinUntil
to ensure that the method waits for threads in this task scope to finish. - Parameters:
deadline
- the deadline- Returns:
- this task scope
- Throws:
IllegalStateException
- if this task scope is closedWrongThreadException
- if the current thread is not the task scope ownerInterruptedException
- if interrupted while waitingTimeoutException
- if the deadline is reached while waiting
-
shutdown
public void shutdown()Shut down this task scope without closing it. Shutting down a task scope prevents new threads from starting, interrupts all unfinished threads, and causes thejoin
method to wakeup. Shutdown is useful for cases where the results of unfinished subtasks are no longer needed. It will typically be called by thehandleComplete(Subtask)
implementation of a subclass that implements a policy to discard unfinished tasks once some outcome is reached.More specifically, this method:
- Interrupts all unfinished threads in the task scope (except the current thread).
- Wakes up the task scope owner if it is waiting in
join()
orjoinUntil(Instant)
. If the task scope owner is not waiting then its next call tojoin
orjoinUntil
will return immediately.
The statePREVIEW of unfinished subtasks that complete at around the time that the task scope is shutdown is not defined. A subtask that completes successfully with a result, or fails with an exception, at around the time that the task scope is shutdown may or may not transition to a terminal state.
This method may only be invoked by the task scope owner or threads contained in the task scope.
- API Note:
- There may be threads that have not finished because they are executing code that
did not respond (or respond promptly) to thread interrupt. This method does not wait
for these threads. When the owner invokes the
close
method to close the task scope then it will wait for the remaining threads to finish. - Implementation Requirements:
- This method may be overridden for customization purposes. If overridden,
the subclass must invoke
super.shutdown
to ensure that the method shuts down the task scope. - Throws:
IllegalStateException
- if this task scope is closedWrongThreadException
- if the current thread is not the task scope owner or a thread contained in the task scope- See Also:
-
isShutdown
public final boolean isShutdown()Returns true if this task scope is shutdown, otherwise false.- Returns:
- true if this task scope is shutdown, otherwise false
- See Also:
-
close
public void close()Closes this task scope.This method first shuts down the task scope (as if by invoking the
shutdown
method). It then waits for the threads executing any unfinished tasks to finish. If interrupted, this method will continue to wait for the threads to finish before completing with the interrupt status set.This method may only be invoked by the task scope owner. If the task scope is already closed then the task scope owner invoking this method has no effect.
A
StructuredTaskScope
is intended to be used in a structured manner. If this method is called to close a task scope before nested task scopes are closed then it closes the underlying construct of each nested task scope (in the reverse order that they were created in), closes this task scope, and then throwsStructureViolationException
PREVIEW. Similarly, if this method is called to close a task scope while executing with scoped valuePREVIEW bindings, and the task scope was created before the scoped values were bound, thenStructureViolationException
is thrown after closing the task scope. If a thread terminates without first closing task scopes that it owns then termination will cause the underlying construct of each of its open tasks scopes to be closed. Closing is performed in the reverse order that the task scopes were created in. Thread termination may therefore be delayed when the task scope owner has to wait for threads forked in these task scopes to finish.- Specified by:
close
in interfaceAutoCloseable
- Implementation Requirements:
- This method may be overridden for customization purposes. If overridden,
the subclass must invoke
super.close
to close the task scope. - Throws:
IllegalStateException
- thrown after closing the task scope if the task scope owner did not attempt to join after forkingWrongThreadException
- if the current thread is not the task scope ownerStructureViolationExceptionPREVIEW
- if a structure violation was detected
-
StructuredTaskScope
when preview features are enabled.