1 /* 2 * Copyright (c) 2003, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 3 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. 4 * 5 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it 6 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as 7 * published by the Free Software Foundation. 8 * 9 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT 10 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or 11 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License 12 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that 13 * accompanied this code). 14 * 15 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version 16 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 17 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. 18 * 19 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA 20 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any 21 * questions. 22 * 23 */ 24 25 #ifndef SHARE_VM_SERVICES_THREADSERVICE_HPP 26 #define SHARE_VM_SERVICES_THREADSERVICE_HPP 27 28 #include "classfile/javaClasses.hpp" 29 #include "runtime/handles.hpp" 30 #include "runtime/init.hpp" 31 #include "runtime/jniHandles.hpp" 32 #include "runtime/objectMonitor.hpp" 33 #include "runtime/objectMonitor.inline.hpp" 34 #include "runtime/perfData.hpp" 35 #include "runtime/thread.hpp" 36 #include "runtime/threadSMR.hpp" 37 #include "services/management.hpp" 38 #include "services/serviceUtil.hpp" 39 40 class OopClosure; 41 class ThreadDumpResult; 42 class ThreadStackTrace; 43 class ThreadSnapshot; 44 class StackFrameInfo; 45 class ThreadConcurrentLocks; 46 class DeadlockCycle; 47 48 // VM monitoring and management support for the thread and 49 // synchronization subsystem 50 // 51 // Thread contention monitoring is disabled by default. 52 // When enabled, the VM will begin measuring the accumulated 53 // elapsed time a thread blocked on synchronization. 54 // 55 class ThreadService : public AllStatic { 56 private: 57 // These counters could be moved to Threads class 58 static PerfCounter* _total_threads_count; 59 static PerfVariable* _live_threads_count; 60 static PerfVariable* _peak_threads_count; 61 static PerfVariable* _daemon_threads_count; 62 63 // These 2 counters are atomically incremented once the thread is exiting. 64 // They will be atomically decremented when ThreadService::remove_thread is called. 65 static volatile int _exiting_threads_count; 66 static volatile int _exiting_daemon_threads_count; 67 68 static bool _thread_monitoring_contention_enabled; 69 static bool _thread_cpu_time_enabled; 70 static bool _thread_allocated_memory_enabled; 71 72 // Need to keep the list of thread dump result that 73 // keep references to Method* since thread dump can be 74 // requested by multiple threads concurrently. 75 static ThreadDumpResult* _threaddump_list; 76 77 public: 78 static void init(); 79 static void add_thread(JavaThread* thread, bool daemon); 80 static void remove_thread(JavaThread* thread, bool daemon); 81 static void current_thread_exiting(JavaThread* jt); 82 83 static bool set_thread_monitoring_contention(bool flag); 84 static bool is_thread_monitoring_contention() { return _thread_monitoring_contention_enabled; } 85 86 static bool set_thread_cpu_time_enabled(bool flag); 87 static bool is_thread_cpu_time_enabled() { return _thread_cpu_time_enabled; } 88 89 static bool set_thread_allocated_memory_enabled(bool flag); 90 static bool is_thread_allocated_memory_enabled() { return _thread_cpu_time_enabled; } 91 92 static jlong get_total_thread_count() { return _total_threads_count->get_value(); } 93 static jlong get_peak_thread_count() { return _peak_threads_count->get_value(); } 94 static jlong get_live_thread_count() { return _live_threads_count->get_value() - _exiting_threads_count; } 95 static jlong get_daemon_thread_count() { return _daemon_threads_count->get_value() - _exiting_daemon_threads_count; } 96 97 static int exiting_threads_count() { return _exiting_threads_count; } 98 static int exiting_daemon_threads_count() { return _exiting_daemon_threads_count; } 99 100 // Support for thread dump 101 static void add_thread_dump(ThreadDumpResult* dump); 102 static void remove_thread_dump(ThreadDumpResult* dump); 103 104 static Handle get_current_contended_monitor(JavaThread* thread); 105 106 // This function is called by JVM_DumpThreads. 107 static Handle dump_stack_traces(GrowableArray<instanceHandle>* threads, 108 int num_threads, TRAPS); 109 110 static void reset_peak_thread_count(); 111 static void reset_contention_count_stat(JavaThread* thread); 112 static void reset_contention_time_stat(JavaThread* thread); 113 114 static DeadlockCycle* find_deadlocks_at_safepoint(ThreadsList * t_list, bool object_monitors_only); 115 116 // GC support 117 static void oops_do(OopClosure* f); 118 static void metadata_do(void f(Metadata*)); 119 }; 120 121 // Per-thread Statistics for synchronization 122 class ThreadStatistics : public CHeapObj<mtInternal> { 123 private: 124 // The following contention statistics are only updated by 125 // the thread owning these statistics when contention occurs. 126 127 jlong _contended_enter_count; 128 elapsedTimer _contended_enter_timer; 129 jlong _monitor_wait_count; 130 elapsedTimer _monitor_wait_timer; 131 jlong _sleep_count; 132 elapsedTimer _sleep_timer; 133 134 135 // These two reset flags are set to true when another thread 136 // requests to reset the statistics. The actual statistics 137 // are reset when the thread contention occurs and attempts 138 // to update the statistics. 139 bool _count_pending_reset; 140 bool _timer_pending_reset; 141 142 // Keep accurate times for potentially recursive class operations 143 int _perf_recursion_counts[6]; 144 elapsedTimer _perf_timers[6]; 145 146 // utility functions 147 void check_and_reset_count() { 148 if (!_count_pending_reset) return; 149 _contended_enter_count = 0; 150 _monitor_wait_count = 0; 151 _sleep_count = 0; 152 _count_pending_reset = 0; 153 } 154 void check_and_reset_timer() { 155 if (!_timer_pending_reset) return; 156 _contended_enter_timer.reset(); 157 _monitor_wait_timer.reset(); 158 _sleep_timer.reset(); 159 _timer_pending_reset = 0; 160 } 161 162 public: 163 ThreadStatistics(); 164 165 jlong contended_enter_count() { return (_count_pending_reset ? 0 : _contended_enter_count); } 166 jlong contended_enter_ticks() { return (_timer_pending_reset ? 0 : _contended_enter_timer.active_ticks()); } 167 jlong monitor_wait_count() { return (_count_pending_reset ? 0 : _monitor_wait_count); } 168 jlong monitor_wait_ticks() { return (_timer_pending_reset ? 0 : _monitor_wait_timer.active_ticks()); } 169 jlong sleep_count() { return (_count_pending_reset ? 0 : _sleep_count); } 170 jlong sleep_ticks() { return (_timer_pending_reset ? 0 : _sleep_timer.active_ticks()); } 171 172 void monitor_wait() { check_and_reset_count(); _monitor_wait_count++; } 173 void monitor_wait_begin() { check_and_reset_timer(); _monitor_wait_timer.start(); } 174 void monitor_wait_end() { _monitor_wait_timer.stop(); check_and_reset_timer(); } 175 176 void thread_sleep() { check_and_reset_count(); _sleep_count++; } 177 void thread_sleep_begin() { check_and_reset_timer(); _sleep_timer.start(); } 178 void thread_sleep_end() { _sleep_timer.stop(); check_and_reset_timer(); } 179 180 void contended_enter() { check_and_reset_count(); _contended_enter_count++; } 181 void contended_enter_begin() { check_and_reset_timer(); _contended_enter_timer.start(); } 182 void contended_enter_end() { _contended_enter_timer.stop(); check_and_reset_timer(); } 183 184 void reset_count_stat() { _count_pending_reset = true; } 185 void reset_time_stat() { _timer_pending_reset = true; } 186 187 int* perf_recursion_counts_addr() { return _perf_recursion_counts; } 188 elapsedTimer* perf_timers_addr() { return _perf_timers; } 189 }; 190 191 // Thread snapshot to represent the thread state and statistics 192 class ThreadSnapshot : public CHeapObj<mtInternal> { 193 private: 194 // This JavaThread* is protected by being stored in objects that are 195 // protected by a ThreadsListSetter (ThreadDumpResult). 196 JavaThread* _thread; 197 oop _threadObj; 198 java_lang_Thread::ThreadStatus _thread_status; 199 200 bool _is_ext_suspended; 201 bool _is_in_native; 202 203 jlong _contended_enter_ticks; 204 jlong _contended_enter_count; 205 jlong _monitor_wait_ticks; 206 jlong _monitor_wait_count; 207 jlong _sleep_ticks; 208 jlong _sleep_count; 209 oop _blocker_object; 210 oop _blocker_object_owner; 211 212 ThreadStackTrace* _stack_trace; 213 ThreadConcurrentLocks* _concurrent_locks; 214 ThreadSnapshot* _next; 215 216 public: 217 // Dummy snapshot 218 ThreadSnapshot() : _thread(NULL), _threadObj(NULL), _stack_trace(NULL), _concurrent_locks(NULL), _next(NULL), 219 _blocker_object(NULL), _blocker_object_owner(NULL) {}; 220 ThreadSnapshot(ThreadsList * t_list, JavaThread* thread); 221 ~ThreadSnapshot(); 222 223 java_lang_Thread::ThreadStatus thread_status() { return _thread_status; } 224 225 oop threadObj() const { return _threadObj; } 226 227 void set_next(ThreadSnapshot* n) { _next = n; } 228 229 bool is_ext_suspended() { return _is_ext_suspended; } 230 bool is_in_native() { return _is_in_native; } 231 232 jlong contended_enter_count() { return _contended_enter_count; } 233 jlong contended_enter_ticks() { return _contended_enter_ticks; } 234 jlong monitor_wait_count() { return _monitor_wait_count; } 235 jlong monitor_wait_ticks() { return _monitor_wait_ticks; } 236 jlong sleep_count() { return _sleep_count; } 237 jlong sleep_ticks() { return _sleep_ticks; } 238 239 240 oop blocker_object() { return _blocker_object; } 241 oop blocker_object_owner() { return _blocker_object_owner; } 242 243 ThreadSnapshot* next() const { return _next; } 244 ThreadStackTrace* get_stack_trace() { return _stack_trace; } 245 ThreadConcurrentLocks* get_concurrent_locks() { return _concurrent_locks; } 246 247 void dump_stack_at_safepoint(int max_depth, bool with_locked_monitors); 248 void set_concurrent_locks(ThreadConcurrentLocks* l) { _concurrent_locks = l; } 249 void oops_do(OopClosure* f); 250 void metadata_do(void f(Metadata*)); 251 }; 252 253 class ThreadStackTrace : public CHeapObj<mtInternal> { 254 private: 255 JavaThread* _thread; 256 int _depth; // number of stack frames added 257 bool _with_locked_monitors; 258 GrowableArray<StackFrameInfo*>* _frames; 259 GrowableArray<oop>* _jni_locked_monitors; 260 261 public: 262 263 ThreadStackTrace(JavaThread* thread, bool with_locked_monitors); 264 ~ThreadStackTrace(); 265 266 JavaThread* thread() { return _thread; } 267 StackFrameInfo* stack_frame_at(int i) { return _frames->at(i); } 268 int get_stack_depth() { return _depth; } 269 270 void add_stack_frame(javaVFrame* jvf); 271 void dump_stack_at_safepoint(int max_depth); 272 Handle allocate_fill_stack_trace_element_array(TRAPS); 273 void oops_do(OopClosure* f); 274 void metadata_do(void f(Metadata*)); 275 GrowableArray<oop>* jni_locked_monitors() { return _jni_locked_monitors; } 276 int num_jni_locked_monitors() { return (_jni_locked_monitors != NULL ? _jni_locked_monitors->length() : 0); } 277 278 bool is_owned_monitor_on_stack(oop object); 279 void add_jni_locked_monitor(oop object) { _jni_locked_monitors->append(object); } 280 }; 281 282 // StackFrameInfo for keeping Method* and bci during 283 // stack walking for later construction of StackTraceElement[] 284 // Java instances 285 class StackFrameInfo : public CHeapObj<mtInternal> { 286 private: 287 Method* _method; 288 int _bci; 289 GrowableArray<oop>* _locked_monitors; // list of object monitors locked by this frame 290 // We need to save the mirrors in the backtrace to keep the class 291 // from being unloaded while we still have this stack trace. 292 oop _class_holder; 293 294 public: 295 296 StackFrameInfo(javaVFrame* jvf, bool with_locked_monitors); 297 ~StackFrameInfo() { 298 if (_locked_monitors != NULL) { 299 delete _locked_monitors; 300 } 301 }; 302 Method* method() const { return _method; } 303 int bci() const { return _bci; } 304 void oops_do(OopClosure* f); 305 void metadata_do(void f(Metadata*)); 306 307 int num_locked_monitors() { return (_locked_monitors != NULL ? _locked_monitors->length() : 0); } 308 GrowableArray<oop>* locked_monitors() { return _locked_monitors; } 309 310 void print_on(outputStream* st) const; 311 }; 312 313 class ThreadConcurrentLocks : public CHeapObj<mtInternal> { 314 private: 315 GrowableArray<instanceOop>* _owned_locks; 316 ThreadConcurrentLocks* _next; 317 // This JavaThread* is protected in one of two different ways 318 // depending on the usage of the ThreadConcurrentLocks object: 319 // 1) by being stored in objects that are only allocated and used at a 320 // safepoint (ConcurrentLocksDump), or 2) by being stored in objects 321 // that are protected by a ThreadsListSetter (ThreadSnapshot inside 322 // ThreadDumpResult). 323 JavaThread* _thread; 324 public: 325 ThreadConcurrentLocks(JavaThread* thread); 326 ~ThreadConcurrentLocks(); 327 328 void add_lock(instanceOop o); 329 void set_next(ThreadConcurrentLocks* n) { _next = n; } 330 ThreadConcurrentLocks* next() { return _next; } 331 JavaThread* java_thread() { return _thread; } 332 GrowableArray<instanceOop>* owned_locks() { return _owned_locks; } 333 void oops_do(OopClosure* f); 334 }; 335 336 class ConcurrentLocksDump : public StackObj { 337 private: 338 ThreadConcurrentLocks* _map; 339 ThreadConcurrentLocks* _last; // Last ThreadConcurrentLocks in the map 340 bool _retain_map_on_free; 341 342 void build_map(GrowableArray<oop>* aos_objects); 343 void add_lock(JavaThread* thread, instanceOop o); 344 345 public: 346 ConcurrentLocksDump(bool retain_map_on_free) : _map(NULL), _last(NULL), _retain_map_on_free(retain_map_on_free) { 347 assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "Must be constructed at a safepoint."); 348 }; 349 ConcurrentLocksDump() : _map(NULL), _last(NULL), _retain_map_on_free(false) { 350 assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "Must be constructed at a safepoint."); 351 }; 352 ~ConcurrentLocksDump(); 353 354 void dump_at_safepoint(); 355 ThreadConcurrentLocks* thread_concurrent_locks(JavaThread* thread); 356 void print_locks_on(JavaThread* t, outputStream* st); 357 }; 358 359 class ThreadDumpResult : public StackObj { 360 private: 361 int _num_threads; 362 int _num_snapshots; 363 ThreadSnapshot* _snapshots; 364 ThreadSnapshot* _last; 365 ThreadDumpResult* _next; 366 ThreadsListSetter _setter; // Helper to set hazard ptr in the originating thread 367 // which protects the JavaThreads in _snapshots. 368 369 public: 370 ThreadDumpResult(); 371 ThreadDumpResult(int num_threads); 372 ~ThreadDumpResult(); 373 374 void add_thread_snapshot(ThreadSnapshot* ts); 375 void set_next(ThreadDumpResult* next) { _next = next; } 376 ThreadDumpResult* next() { return _next; } 377 int num_threads() { return _num_threads; } 378 int num_snapshots() { return _num_snapshots; } 379 ThreadSnapshot* snapshots() { return _snapshots; } 380 void set_t_list() { _setter.set(); } 381 ThreadsList* t_list(); 382 bool t_list_has_been_set() { return _setter.target_needs_release(); } 383 void oops_do(OopClosure* f); 384 void metadata_do(void f(Metadata*)); 385 }; 386 387 class DeadlockCycle : public CHeapObj<mtInternal> { 388 private: 389 bool _is_deadlock; 390 GrowableArray<JavaThread*>* _threads; 391 DeadlockCycle* _next; 392 public: 393 DeadlockCycle(); 394 ~DeadlockCycle(); 395 396 DeadlockCycle* next() { return _next; } 397 void set_next(DeadlockCycle* d) { _next = d; } 398 void add_thread(JavaThread* t) { _threads->append(t); } 399 void reset() { _is_deadlock = false; _threads->clear(); } 400 void set_deadlock(bool value) { _is_deadlock = value; } 401 bool is_deadlock() { return _is_deadlock; } 402 int num_threads() { return _threads->length(); } 403 GrowableArray<JavaThread*>* threads() { return _threads; } 404 void print_on_with(ThreadsList * t_list, outputStream* st) const; 405 }; 406 407 // Utility class to get list of java threads. 408 class ThreadsListEnumerator : public StackObj { 409 private: 410 GrowableArray<instanceHandle>* _threads_array; 411 public: 412 ThreadsListEnumerator(Thread* cur_thread, 413 bool include_jvmti_agent_threads = false, 414 bool include_jni_attaching_threads = true); 415 int num_threads() { return _threads_array->length(); } 416 instanceHandle get_threadObj(int index) { return _threads_array->at(index); } 417 }; 418 419 420 // abstract utility class to set new thread states, and restore previous after the block exits 421 class JavaThreadStatusChanger : public StackObj { 422 private: 423 java_lang_Thread::ThreadStatus _old_state; 424 JavaThread* _java_thread; 425 bool _is_alive; 426 427 void save_old_state(JavaThread* java_thread) { 428 _java_thread = java_thread; 429 _is_alive = is_alive(java_thread); 430 if (is_alive()) { 431 _old_state = java_lang_Thread::get_thread_status(_java_thread->threadObj()); 432 } 433 } 434 435 public: 436 static void set_thread_status(JavaThread* java_thread, 437 java_lang_Thread::ThreadStatus state) { 438 java_lang_Thread::set_thread_status(java_thread->threadObj(), state); 439 } 440 441 void set_thread_status(java_lang_Thread::ThreadStatus state) { 442 if (is_alive()) { 443 set_thread_status(_java_thread, state); 444 } 445 } 446 447 JavaThreadStatusChanger(JavaThread* java_thread, 448 java_lang_Thread::ThreadStatus state) : _old_state(java_lang_Thread::NEW) { 449 save_old_state(java_thread); 450 set_thread_status(state); 451 } 452 453 JavaThreadStatusChanger(JavaThread* java_thread) : _old_state(java_lang_Thread::NEW) { 454 save_old_state(java_thread); 455 } 456 457 ~JavaThreadStatusChanger() { 458 set_thread_status(_old_state); 459 } 460 461 static bool is_alive(JavaThread* java_thread) { 462 return java_thread != NULL && java_thread->threadObj() != NULL; 463 } 464 465 bool is_alive() { 466 return _is_alive; 467 } 468 }; 469 470 // Change status to waiting on an object (timed or indefinite) 471 class JavaThreadInObjectWaitState : public JavaThreadStatusChanger { 472 private: 473 ThreadStatistics* _stat; 474 bool _active; 475 476 public: 477 JavaThreadInObjectWaitState(JavaThread *java_thread, bool timed) : 478 JavaThreadStatusChanger(java_thread, 479 timed ? java_lang_Thread::IN_OBJECT_WAIT_TIMED : java_lang_Thread::IN_OBJECT_WAIT) { 480 if (is_alive()) { 481 _stat = java_thread->get_thread_stat(); 482 _active = ThreadService::is_thread_monitoring_contention(); 483 _stat->monitor_wait(); 484 if (_active) { 485 _stat->monitor_wait_begin(); 486 } 487 } else { 488 _active = false; 489 } 490 } 491 492 ~JavaThreadInObjectWaitState() { 493 if (_active) { 494 _stat->monitor_wait_end(); 495 } 496 } 497 }; 498 499 // Change status to parked (timed or indefinite) 500 class JavaThreadParkedState : public JavaThreadStatusChanger { 501 private: 502 ThreadStatistics* _stat; 503 bool _active; 504 505 public: 506 JavaThreadParkedState(JavaThread *java_thread, bool timed) : 507 JavaThreadStatusChanger(java_thread, 508 timed ? java_lang_Thread::PARKED_TIMED : java_lang_Thread::PARKED) { 509 if (is_alive()) { 510 _stat = java_thread->get_thread_stat(); 511 _active = ThreadService::is_thread_monitoring_contention(); 512 _stat->monitor_wait(); 513 if (_active) { 514 _stat->monitor_wait_begin(); 515 } 516 } else { 517 _active = false; 518 } 519 } 520 521 ~JavaThreadParkedState() { 522 if (_active) { 523 _stat->monitor_wait_end(); 524 } 525 } 526 }; 527 528 // Change status to blocked on (re-)entering a synchronization block 529 class JavaThreadBlockedOnMonitorEnterState : public JavaThreadStatusChanger { 530 private: 531 ThreadStatistics* _stat; 532 bool _active; 533 534 static bool contended_enter_begin(JavaThread *java_thread) { 535 set_thread_status(java_thread, java_lang_Thread::BLOCKED_ON_MONITOR_ENTER); 536 ThreadStatistics* stat = java_thread->get_thread_stat(); 537 stat->contended_enter(); 538 bool active = ThreadService::is_thread_monitoring_contention(); 539 if (active) { 540 stat->contended_enter_begin(); 541 } 542 return active; 543 } 544 545 public: 546 // java_thread is waiting thread being blocked on monitor reenter. 547 // Current thread is the notifying thread which holds the monitor. 548 static bool wait_reenter_begin(JavaThread *java_thread, ObjectMonitor *obj_m) { 549 assert((java_thread != NULL), "Java thread should not be null here"); 550 bool active = false; 551 if (is_alive(java_thread) && ServiceUtil::visible_oop((oop)obj_m->object())) { 552 active = contended_enter_begin(java_thread); 553 } 554 return active; 555 } 556 557 static void wait_reenter_end(JavaThread *java_thread, bool active) { 558 if (active) { 559 java_thread->get_thread_stat()->contended_enter_end(); 560 } 561 set_thread_status(java_thread, java_lang_Thread::RUNNABLE); 562 } 563 564 JavaThreadBlockedOnMonitorEnterState(JavaThread *java_thread, ObjectMonitor *obj_m) : 565 _stat(NULL), _active(false), JavaThreadStatusChanger(java_thread) { 566 assert((java_thread != NULL), "Java thread should not be null here"); 567 // Change thread status and collect contended enter stats for monitor contended 568 // enter done for external java world objects and it is contended. All other cases 569 // like for vm internal objects and for external objects which are not contended 570 // thread status is not changed and contended enter stat is not collected. 571 _active = false; 572 if (is_alive() && ServiceUtil::visible_oop((oop)obj_m->object()) && obj_m->contentions() > 0) { 573 _stat = java_thread->get_thread_stat(); 574 _active = contended_enter_begin(java_thread); 575 } 576 } 577 578 ~JavaThreadBlockedOnMonitorEnterState() { 579 if (_active) { 580 _stat->contended_enter_end(); 581 } 582 } 583 }; 584 585 // Change status to sleeping 586 class JavaThreadSleepState : public JavaThreadStatusChanger { 587 private: 588 ThreadStatistics* _stat; 589 bool _active; 590 public: 591 JavaThreadSleepState(JavaThread *java_thread) : 592 JavaThreadStatusChanger(java_thread, java_lang_Thread::SLEEPING) { 593 if (is_alive()) { 594 _stat = java_thread->get_thread_stat(); 595 _active = ThreadService::is_thread_monitoring_contention(); 596 _stat->thread_sleep(); 597 if (_active) { 598 _stat->thread_sleep_begin(); 599 } 600 } else { 601 _active = false; 602 } 603 } 604 605 ~JavaThreadSleepState() { 606 if (_active) { 607 _stat->thread_sleep_end(); 608 } 609 } 610 }; 611 612 #endif // SHARE_VM_SERVICES_THREADSERVICE_HPP